Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Changes in the Expression of Endogenous PACAP and Its Receptors in Central Nervous System Injuries
1.2. Effect of PACAP Treatment in Central Nervous System Injuries
1.3. Changes in the Expression of Endogenous PACAP and Its Receptors in Peripheral and Cranial Nerve Injuries
1.3.1. Spinal Nerve Injury, Dorsal Root Ganglia
1.3.2. Autonomic Nerve Injury, Autonomic Ganglia
1.3.3. Cranial Nerve Injuries
1.4. Effect of PACAP Treatment in Cranial Nerve Injuries
2. Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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I. Changes in the expression of endogenous PACAP and its receptors in central nervous system injury | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of the injury | Changes in PACAP and its receptors | Examined region | Species | References |
moderate traumatic brain injury | PACAP mRNA↑ | ipsilateral perifocal lesion (cortex), gyrus dentatus | rat | [33] |
PAC1 receptor mRNA↓ | gyrus dentatus | |||
traumatic brain injury | PACAP27↓; PACAP38↓ | traumatized neocortex | human | [34] |
PACAP27↑; PACAP38↑ | pericontusional neocortex | |||
cortical stab injury | PACAP mRNA no change | lesion penumbra, callosal neurons in the contralateral cortex, and thalamic afferents | rat | [35] |
PAC1 receptor mRNA no change | ||||
II. Changes in the expression of endogenous PACAP and its receptors in peripheral and cranial nerve injuries | ||||
1. Spinal nerve injury | ||||
sciatic nerve transection | PACAP38↑; PACAP mRNA↑ | dorsal root ganglion | rat | [41–43] |
PACAP27↑; PACAP38 no change | spinal cord | [42] | ||
PACAP27↑; PACAP38↑ | sciatic nerve | |||
PACAP mRNA↑ | ventral horn of spinal cord | rat | [38] | |
sciatic nerve compression | PACAP↑; PACAP mRNA↑ | dorsal root ganglion, sciatic nerve | rat | [44] |
chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve | PAC1 receptor mRNA no change;VPAC1 receptor mRNA↓; VPAC2 receptor mRNA↑ | ipsilateral dorsal horn of spinal cord | rat | [45] |
2. Autonomic nerve injury | ||||
postganglionic transection of external and internal carotid nerves | PACAP↑; PAC1 receptor↓ | superior cervical ganglion | rat | [46] |
6-hydroxydopamineinduced chemical sympathectomy | ||||
preganglionic denervation of sympathetic chain | PACAP↑; PAC1 receptor no change | |||
cervical sympathetic trunk transection | PACAP↓ | preganglionic nerve fibers of superior cervical ganglion | rat | [47] |
3. Cranial nerve injury | ||||
facial nerve transection | PACAP↑; PAC1 receptor↓; VPAC2 receptor mRNA no change | facial motor nucleus | rat | [48] |
axon regeneration delayed | PACAP deficientmouse | [49] | ||
masseteric nerve transection | PACAP mRNA↑ | ipsilateral mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus | rat | [50] |
PACAP38↑ | masseteric nerve proximal to the transection |
I. Effect of PACAP treatment in central nervous system injury | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of injury | Treatment | Effect of treatment | Species | References |
Marmarou model of traumatic brain injury | icv. 100 μg PACAP 0 min, 30 min or 1 h postinjury | β-APP immunopositivity in CSpT↓, in MLF no change | rat | [60,61] |
RMO-14 immunopositivity in CSpT and in MLF no change | ||||
fluid percussion injury | icv. 100 μg PACAP postinjury | β-APP immunopositivity in CSpT↓, in MLF no change | rat | [65] |
RMO-14 immunopositivity in CSpT↓ and in MLF no change | ||||
spinal cord injury | 0.5–2 μg PACAP into dorsal column | apoptotic cell number and DNS fragmentation↓ rostral and caudal to the lesion center | rat | [68] |
2 μg PACAP + 2 × 105 hMSCs into dorsal column | better locomotor function; antioxidant enzymes↑ | [69] | ||
II. Effect of PACAP treatment in cranial nerve injuries | ||||
facial nerve injury | 100 nM PACAP injected at transected side | neuromuscular recovery ↑ | rat | [70] |
optic nerve transection | intravitreal 10–100 pM PACAP | retinal ganglionic cell survival↑ | rat | [71] |
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Tamas, A.; Reglodi, D.; Farkas, O.; Kovesdi, E.; Pal, J.; Povlishock, J.T.; Schwarcz, A.; Czeiter, E.; Szanto, Z.; Doczi, T.; et al. Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 8430-8448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078430
Tamas A, Reglodi D, Farkas O, Kovesdi E, Pal J, Povlishock JT, Schwarcz A, Czeiter E, Szanto Z, Doczi T, et al. Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(7):8430-8448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078430
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamas, Andrea, Dora Reglodi, Orsolya Farkas, Erzsebet Kovesdi, Jozsef Pal, John T. Povlishock, Attila Schwarcz, Endre Czeiter, Zalan Szanto, Tamas Doczi, and et al. 2012. "Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 7: 8430-8448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078430