Reduced Photoinhibition under Low Irradiance Enhanced Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth) Secondary Metabolites, Phenyl Alanine Lyase and Antioxidant Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Total Flavonoids and Phenolics Profiling
2.2. Anthocyanin Content
2.3. Net Photosynthesis Rate
2.4. Maximum Efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and Activity of Photosystem II (Fm/Fo)
2.5. Phenyl Alanine Lyase (PAL) Activity
2.6. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) Assay
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Plant Material and Maintenance
3.2. Total Flavonoids and Phenolics Quantification
3.3 Anthocyanin Content
3.4. Photosynthesis Rate
3.5. Chlorophyll Fluorescence
3.6. Phenylalanine-Ammonia-Lyase (PAL)
3.7. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Irradiance (μmol/m2/s) | Plant Parts | Total Flavonoids (mg quercetin/g Dry Weight) | Total Phenolics (mg gallic acid/g Dry Weight) | Anthocyanin (mg/g Fresh Weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|
225 | Leaf | 2.211 ± 0.013 a | 5.511 ± 0.028 a | 0.74 ± 0.01 a |
Stem | 1.991 ± 0.022 a | 4.811 ± 0.029 a | 0.67 ± 0.02 a | |
Root | 1.571 ± 0.013 b | 4.571 ± 0.039 b | 0.63 ± 0.03 a | |
500 | Leaf | 1.547 ± 0.022 b | 4.311 ± 0.032 b | 0.57 ± 0.12 b |
Stem | 1.301 ± 0.030 b | 3.971 ± 0.037 b | 0.50 ± 0.23 b | |
Root | 1.241 ± 0.022 b | 3.781 ± 0.051 c | 0.48 ± 0.12 b | |
675 | Leaf | 1.214 ± 0.013 c | 3.171 ± 0.021 c | 0.39 ± 0.03 c |
Stem | 1.021 ± 0.010 c | 2.991 ± 0.025 c | 0.35 ± 0.03 c | |
Root | 0.957 ± 0.015 c | 2.771 ± 0.040 c | 0.30 ± 0.02 c | |
900 | Leaf | 0.903 ± 0.025 c | 2.395 ± 0.008 d | 0.19 ± 0.04 d |
Stem | 0.803 ± 0.023 d | 1.991 ± 0.011 d | 0.15 ± 0.04 d | |
Root | 0.713 ± 0.026 d | 1.711 ± 0.028 e | 0.10 ± 0.02 d |
Parameters | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Flavonoids | 1.000 | |||||||
2. Phenolics | 0.917 ** | 1.000 | ||||||
3. Antocyanin | 0.825 * | 0.828 * | 1.000 | |||||
4. Photosynthesis | 0.829 * | 0.826 * | 0.817 * | 1.000 | ||||
5. Fv/Fm | 0.927 * | 0.835 * | 0.827 * | 0.832 * | 1.000 | |||
6. Fm/Fo | 0.817 * | 0.827 * | 0.816 * | 0.828 * | 0.866 * | 1.000 | ||
7. PAL | 0.818 * | 0.718 * | 0.926 * | 0.828 * | 0.932 * | 0.816 * | 1.000 | |
8. DPPH | 0.826 * | 0.836 * | 0.821 * | 0.819 * | 0.914 * | 0.847 * | 0.965 * | 1.000 |
Irradiance (μmol/m2/s) | Net Photosynthesis, A (μmol/m2/s) | Maximum Efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm ) | Fm/Fo |
---|---|---|---|
225 | 12.71 ± 0.15 a | 0.810 ± 0.234 a | 12.71 ± 0.01 a |
500 | 9.12 ± 0.45 b | 0.771 ± 0.123 b | 9.12 ± 0.43 b |
675 | 3.11 ± 0.32 c | 0.711 ± 0.213 c | 3.11 ± 0.54 c |
900 | 2.11 ± 0.22 d | 0.681 ± 0.011 d | 2.11 ± 0.44 d |
Irradiance (μmol/m2/s) | PAL Activity (nM transcinnamic mg−1 protein hour−1) |
---|---|
225 | 33.71 ± 3.22 a |
500 | 29.82 ± 1.67 b |
675 | 21.71 ± 2.21 c |
900 | 12.32 ± 2.31 d |
Irradiance (μmol/m2/s) | Extract Source | Inhibition % a |
---|---|---|
225 | Leaf | 62.42 ± 1.65 c |
Stem | 58.14 ± 1.09 c | |
Root | 52.21 ± 1.08 c | |
500 | Leaf | 51.83 ± 1.05 d |
Stem | 49.11 ± 0.98 d | |
Root | 47.73 ± 0.43 d | |
675 | Leaf | 45.43 ± 0.23 e |
Stem | 44.74 ± 0.98 e | |
Root | 40.31 ± 1.21 e | |
900 | Leaf | 39.21 ± 2.22 f |
Stem | 37.16 ± 1.21 f | |
Root | 32.65 ± 3.21 f | |
Controls | BHT | 67.81 ± 1.34 b |
α-tocopherol | 78.41 ± 1.24 a |
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Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Reduced Photoinhibition under Low Irradiance Enhanced Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth) Secondary Metabolites, Phenyl Alanine Lyase and Antioxidant Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 5290-5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055290
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE. Reduced Photoinhibition under Low Irradiance Enhanced Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth) Secondary Metabolites, Phenyl Alanine Lyase and Antioxidant Activity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(5):5290-5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055290
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Mohd Hafiz, and Hawa Z.E. Jaafar. 2012. "Reduced Photoinhibition under Low Irradiance Enhanced Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth) Secondary Metabolites, Phenyl Alanine Lyase and Antioxidant Activity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 5: 5290-5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055290