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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Cyclodextrin-Based Systems of Cetraria islandica Extracts: A Novel Approach to Improve Solubility and Biological Activity of Lichen-Derived Natural Products

by
Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
1,*,
Karolina Cichoracka
1,
Natalia Rosiak
1,
Andrzej Miklaszewski
2,
Marcin Szymański
3 and
Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
1
1
Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
2
Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
3
Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10 Str, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3182; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153182
Submission received: 8 May 2025 / Revised: 1 July 2025 / Accepted: 25 July 2025 / Published: 29 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins—New Fields of Application and Research for the Benefit of Mankind and the Planet)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (CI) is a lichen from the Parmeliaceaea family used in medicine. However, the low solubility of CI secondary metabolites in water limits the application of lichen extract and compounds. It prompted us to study the systems of cyclodextrins (CDs) (β-CD, γ-CD, HP-β-CD, and HP-γ-CD) with the CI acetone or CI methanol extracts prepared using grinding and solvent evaporation methods. The content of fumarprotocetraric acid (FPCA), a key CI metabolite, was quantified using HPLC. CD–extract systems were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Biological activity was evaluated using cell-free assays: a Folin–Ciocalteu analysis, DPPH test, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase inhibitions. Dissolution profiles were also assessed. The best biological and physicochemical results were obtained for systems prepared with HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD via solvent evaporation, showing higher activity and enhanced FPCA release compared to the pure extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the preparation and characterization of CD-based systems with CI extracts. The obtained results encourage us to continue our research on CI to improve the physicochemical properties of its active compounds.
Keywords: Iceland lichen; cyclodextrin carriers; lichen extracts; biological activity; fumarprotocetraric acid Iceland lichen; cyclodextrin carriers; lichen extracts; biological activity; fumarprotocetraric acid

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MDPI and ACS Style

Studzińska-Sroka, E.; Cichoracka, K.; Rosiak, N.; Miklaszewski, A.; Szymański, M.; Cielecka-Piontek, J. Cyclodextrin-Based Systems of Cetraria islandica Extracts: A Novel Approach to Improve Solubility and Biological Activity of Lichen-Derived Natural Products. Molecules 2025, 30, 3182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153182

AMA Style

Studzińska-Sroka E, Cichoracka K, Rosiak N, Miklaszewski A, Szymański M, Cielecka-Piontek J. Cyclodextrin-Based Systems of Cetraria islandica Extracts: A Novel Approach to Improve Solubility and Biological Activity of Lichen-Derived Natural Products. Molecules. 2025; 30(15):3182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153182

Chicago/Turabian Style

Studzińska-Sroka, Elżbieta, Karolina Cichoracka, Natalia Rosiak, Andrzej Miklaszewski, Marcin Szymański, and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek. 2025. "Cyclodextrin-Based Systems of Cetraria islandica Extracts: A Novel Approach to Improve Solubility and Biological Activity of Lichen-Derived Natural Products" Molecules 30, no. 15: 3182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153182

APA Style

Studzińska-Sroka, E., Cichoracka, K., Rosiak, N., Miklaszewski, A., Szymański, M., & Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2025). Cyclodextrin-Based Systems of Cetraria islandica Extracts: A Novel Approach to Improve Solubility and Biological Activity of Lichen-Derived Natural Products. Molecules, 30(15), 3182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153182

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