Quercetin: A Potential Polydynamic Drug
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polydynamic Biological Activity of Quercetin
2.1. Mental Activity
2.2. Ultraviolet (UV) Activity
2.3. Antiviral Activity
2.4. Anticancer Activity
2.5. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
2.6. Neurological Activity
2.7. Antioxidant Activity
2.8. Anti-Cardiovascular Disease
2.9. Skin Sensitivity
2.10. Anti-Tuberculosis
2.11. Antidiabetic Activity
2.12. Antimalaria Activity
2.13. Antichagas Activity
2.14. Antifungal Activity
2.15. Combination of Quercetin with Other Drugs
2.16. Anti-Rhinitis Activity
2.17. Antidrug Resistance
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Additive | Treatment of Disease |
---|---|
Vitamin C, vitamin B3, folic acid | Sickle cell disease (SCD) [114,115] |
Catechin | Synergistic inhibition of the platelet function and dietary use [116] |
Kaempferol | Prevention and treatment of hereditary cardiomyopathy [117] |
Astragalin | Treatment of atopic dermatitits [118] |
Statins | Reducing cholesterol levels [119] |
Doxorubicin | Inhibiting liver cancer [120] |
Oleuropein | Preventing and treating joint disorders [121] |
Ibudilast | Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome [122] |
Zafirlukast | Treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [123] |
Rutin | Treating elevated blood lipid level-related diseases [124] |
Polyphosphate | Treating osteoporosis [125] |
Icaritin | Treatment of liver disease [126] |
Vitamin D, retinol, and genistein | Improvement of skin conditions [127,128,129] |
Maleic anhydride derivatives | Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma [130] |
Haloperidol | Releaving neuropathic pain [131] |
Metformin | Preventing against immune diseases [132] |
Luteonil and delphinidin | Treatment of endometriosis [133] |
Myrecetin | Curing adenocarcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and breast cancer [134] |
Technique | Reason That It Was Used |
---|---|
NMR spectroscopy | Structure elucidation of quercetin with cyclodextrins and observation of their complexation [91,157] |
2D-DOSY NMR spectroscopy | Evaluation of the complex formation of quercetin with cyclodextrins [92,158] |
Induced Fit Docking (IFD) | Evaluation of how effectively quercetin binds to essential viral components or enzymes. For instance, quercetin was used for IFD against acetylcholinesterase and butyrelcholinesterase [159,160,161,162]. |
Molecular dynamics | To obtain a deeper understanding of the stability and molecular interactions within the complexes formed by the “protein-ligand” pairs identified in the docking studies [92,163,164,165,166,167] |
Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM GBSA) | To highlight the strongest binding capability of quercetin against different macromolecules [92,168] |
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) | Validation of the formation of the complexes. For example, it was shown that quercetin was well distributed in the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix [169,170,171,172,173]. |
Fluorescence spectroscopic studies | Investigation of the interactions between quercetin and macromolecules. In particular, it was used in the formation of the dimeric assemblies of quercetin with cyclodextrins [91,174,175,176,177,178,179,180]. |
Solubility studies | Examination of the solubility of quercetin inside macromolecules in different pHs [155,181,182] |
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) | Validation of the purity and identification of the components. It was used for the determination of quercetin in herbal extracts [183,184,185,186]. |
Gas chromatography (GC) | Analysis of quercetin and its separation from different plants, materials, etc. [187,188,189] |
UV/Vis spectroscopy | Quantification of quercetin in various contexts, encompassing pharmaceutical formulations [190], medicinal plants, beverages [191,192], and food. |
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) | Separation of quercetin from other flavonoids in a shared matrix [193,194,195,196] |
Electrophoresis | Analysis of quercetin [197,198,199,200,201] |
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) | Determination of the antioxidant activity of quercetin in lyophilized onion tissue of onion var [202,203,204] |
Pulse voltammetry (DPV) | Determination of the antioxidant activity and the electrochemical parameters of quercetin [205] |
Raman spectroscopy | Quantitative analysis of quercetin in onion peels [206,207,208,209,210] |
Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) | Validation of the analytical method by determining quercetin in green tea [211] |
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | Details for structural properties of quercetin in oil-in-water nanoemulsions [212,213] |
Central Composite Design (CCD) | Evaluation of the effects of pH in determining quercetin in the presence of electroactive tannic acid [214,215] |
Rheological measurements | Evaluation of the strength of the structure of quercetin with nanostructured lipid carriers in linseed oil [216] |
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) | Identification and quantification of quercetin in human hepatocytes as in vitro cell models [217] |
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) | Analyzing the infrared absorption or emission of the molecule in buckwheat samples [218,219] |
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) | Analysis of quercetin based on its electrophoretic mobility in red and white wine samples [197,220] |
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) | Quantitative analysis of quercetin to determine its anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide stimulated cells [221,222,223] |
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) | Separation and extraction of quercetin from sumac fruits [224,225] |
Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) | Subsequent detection of quercetin using normal and hot platinum microelectrode, showing the utility of Baranski’s method [226,227] |
Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) | Extraction and analysis of quercetin, combined with HPLC-UV detection method, in green and black tea and coffee samples [184,228,229] |
X-ray crystallography | Determination of the three-dimensional structure of quercetin crystals existing as hydrogen-bonded dimers, contributing to its unique biological activities [230] |
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) | Analysis of quercetin utilizing MIL-101(Cr) as surface-assisted matrix for replacing traditional organic matrices [231,232,233,234] |
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) | Extraction of quercetin from Hyperici herba [224,235] |
Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) | Preparation of samples for extracting and determining quercetin’s and quercetin glucosides’ concentration in food products [236,237,238,239,240] |
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Georgiou, N.; Kakava, M.G.; Routsi, E.A.; Petsas, E.; Stavridis, N.; Freris, C.; Zoupanou, N.; Moschovou, K.; Kiriakidi, S.; Mavromoustakos, T. Quercetin: A Potential Polydynamic Drug. Molecules 2023, 28, 8141. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248141
Georgiou N, Kakava MG, Routsi EA, Petsas E, Stavridis N, Freris C, Zoupanou N, Moschovou K, Kiriakidi S, Mavromoustakos T. Quercetin: A Potential Polydynamic Drug. Molecules. 2023; 28(24):8141. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248141
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorgiou, Nikitas, Margarita Georgia Kakava, Efthymios Alexandros Routsi, Errikos Petsas, Nikolaos Stavridis, Christoforos Freris, Nikoletta Zoupanou, Kalliopi Moschovou, Sofia Kiriakidi, and Thomas Mavromoustakos. 2023. "Quercetin: A Potential Polydynamic Drug" Molecules 28, no. 24: 8141. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248141