A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Citric Acid Solutions for Extracting Betalains and Total Phenolic Content from Freeze-Dried Beetroot Powder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Extraction Time on Betalains and Total Phenolic Content
2.2. Effect of Extraction Temperature on Betalains and Total Phenolic Content
2.3. Effect of Solvent Type on Extraction of Betalains and Total Phenolic Content
2.4. Modelling, Prediction and Optimisation by RSM
2.4.1. Citric Acid Solution as an Extraction Solvent
2.4.2. Aqueous–Ethanol as an Extraction Solvent
2.5. ANN Modelling, Prediction and Comparison with RSM
Predictive Model Development with ANN
2.6. Prediction Performance Comparison for ANN with RSM
2.7. HPLC Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Design
3.2. Chemicals
3.3. Sample Preparation
3.4. Extraction of Betalains
3.4.1. Ultrasound-Assisted Ethanolic Extraction
3.4.2. Preparation of Citric Acid Solution
3.4.3. Ultrasound-assisted Citric Acid Extraction
3.5. Analysis of Betalains
3.5.1. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Total Betalains
3.5.2. Identification and Quantification of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to Validate Spectrophotometric Method
3.6. Total Phenolic Content
3.7. Predictive Modelling and Optimisation
3.7.1. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
3.7.2. Artificial Neural Network
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Sl. No. | Variable Name | Variable Coding * | Range |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Extraction Time (min) | Ut | 5–30 |
2 | Extraction Temperature (°C) | UT | 20–40 |
3 | Ethanol (%) | EC | 10–30 |
1 | Extraction Time (min) | Ut | 5–30 |
2 | Extraction Temperature (°C) | UT | 20–40 |
3 | Citric Acid Solution (pH) | pH | 3–5 |
Solvent: Aqueous–Ethanol Solutions | Solvent: Citric Acid | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Betacyanin | Betaxanthin | TPC | Betacyanin | Betaxanthin | TPC |
A-Extraction Time (min) (Ut) | 0.0233 | --- | 0.0028 | --- | --- | --- |
B-Extraction Temperature (°C) (UT) | <0.0001 | 0.0033 | 0.0043 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Ethanol Concentration (%) (EC)/pH | 0.0001 | 0.0364 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
AB | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
AC | 0.0010 | 0.0034 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
BC | 0.0001 | --- | <0.0001 | 0.0153 | 0.0153 | 0.0153 |
A2 | --- | --- | 0.0003 | --- | --- | --- |
B2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0009 | 0.0222 | 0.0222 | 0.0222 |
C2 | --- | --- | <0.0001 | --- | --- | --- |
R2 | 0.887 | 0.799 | 0.863 | 0.782 | 0.892 | 0.794 |
Sl. No. | Responses | Optimised Response | Average Real-Time experimental Value |
1. | BC | 3.95 | 3.91 ± 0.12 |
2. | BX | 3.54 | 3.59 ± 0.23 |
3. | TPC | 7.17 | 7.06 ± 0.36 |
Sl. No. | Responses | Optimised Response | Average Real-Time experimental Value |
1. | BC | 4.15 | 4.07 ± 0.15 |
2. | BX | 3.52 | 3.68 ± 0.13 |
3. | TPC | 7.71 | 7.65 ± 0.41 |
Experimental Responses | Predicted Responses by RSM | Predicted Responses by ANN | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sl. No. | Time (min) | Temperature (°C) | pH | TPC (mg of GA/g) | BC (mg/g) | BX (mg/g) | TPC (mg of GA/g) | BC (mg/g) | BX (mg/g) | TPC (mg of GA/g) | BC (mg/g) | BX (mg/g) |
1 | 5 | 40 | 5 | 5.26 | 2.44 | 2.42 | 5.51 | 2.88 | 3.13 | 5.31 | 2.39 | 2.41 |
2 | 10 | 40 | 5 | 5.30 | 2.34 | 2.33 | 5.32 | 2.67 | 2.99 | 5.34 | 2.43 | 2.34 |
3 | 15 | 40 | 5 | 5.30 | 2.28 | 2.29 | 5.08 | 2.56 | 2.91 | 5.25 | 2.35 | 2.28 |
4 | 20 | 40 | 5 | 4.82 | 2.17 | 2.23 | 4.82 | 2.55 | 2.86 | 4.76 | 2.20 | 2.23 |
5 | 25 | 40 | 5 | 4.83 | 2.15 | 2.20 | 4.53 | 2.64 | 2.83 | 4.74 | 2.11 | 2.20 |
6 | 30 | 40 | 5 | 4.66 | 2.13 | 2.17 | 4.22 | 2.83 | 2.83 | 4.74 | 2.11 | 2.17 |
7 | 5 | 40 | 4 | 5.17 | 1.18 | 1.70 | 5.68 | 1.71 | 2.4 | 5.23 | 1.08 | 1.64 |
8 | 10 | 40 | 4 | 4.86 | 0.78 | 1.56 | 5.52 | 1.61 | 2.27 | 4.84 | 0.80 | 1.45 |
9 | 15 | 40 | 4 | 4.53 | 0.67 | 1.32 | 5.33 | 1.61 | 2.16 | 4.48 | 0.79 | 1.36 |
10 | 20 | 40 | 4 | 4.67 | 0.62 | 1.27 | 5.12 | 1.71 | 2.08 | 4.69 | 0.71 | 1.30 |
11 | 25 | 40 | 4 | 4.65 | 0.61 | 1.23 | 4.87 | 1.89 | 2.02 | 4.66 | 0.59 | 1.26 |
12 | 30 | 40 | 4 | 4.43 | 0.56 | 1.22 | 4.62 | 2.18 | 1.99 | 4.40 | 0.58 | 1.22 |
13 | 5 | 40 | 3 | 5.20 | 0.44 | 1.10 | 4.94 | 0.33 | 1.22 | 5.11 | 0.48 | 1.07 |
14 | 10 | 40 | 3 | 5.05 | 0.33 | 1.01 | 4.83 | 0.33 | 1.05 | 4.93 | 0.31 | 1.05 |
15 | 15 | 40 | 3 | 4.85 | 0.25 | 0.87 | 4.68 | 0.43 | 0.92 | 4.88 | 0.26 | 0.97 |
16 | 20 | 40 | 3 | 5.33 | 0.24 | 0.96 | 4.51 | 0.63 | 0.80 | 5.21 | 0.23 | 0.94 |
17 | 25 | 40 | 3 | 4.54 | 2.32 | 0.85 | 4.31 | 0.93 | 0.72 | 4.65 | 2.34 | 0.90 |
18 | 30 | 40 | 3 | 4.47 | 2.23 | 0.84 | 4.07 | 1.32 | 0.66 | 4.35 | 2.02 | 0.88 |
19 | 5 | 30 | 3 | 5.23 | 0.68 | 1.23 | 5.22 | 1.21 | 1.79 | 5.14 | 0.69 | 1.13 |
20 | 10 | 30 | 3 | 4.26 | 0.44 | 0.78 | 5.14 | 1.13 | 1.65 | 4.42 | 0.50 | 0.82 |
21 | 15 | 30 | 3 | 4.62 | 0.33 | 0.85 | 5.03 | 1.14 | 1.53 | 4.43 | 0.39 | 0.77 |
22 | 20 | 30 | 3 | 3.90 | 0.26 | 0.66 | 4.89 | 1.26 | 1.44 | 4.08 | 0.37 | 0.68 |
23 | 25 | 30 | 3 | 3.86 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 4.72 | 1.47 | 1.38 | 4.06 | 0.26 | 0.65 |
24 | 30 | 30 | 3 | 3.80 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 4.52 | 1.77 | 1.34 | 3.85 | 0.89 | 0.63 |
25 | 5 | 30 | 4 | 7.08 | 2.77 | 2.49 | 6.73 | 2.84 | 2.95 | 6.99 | 2.70 | 2.48 |
26 | 10 | 30 | 4 | 7.12 | 2.65 | 2.46 | 6.61 | 2.65 | 2.84 | 7.09 | 2.56 | 2.42 |
27 | 15 | 30 | 4 | 7.14 | 2.53 | 2.38 | 6.46 | 2.56 | 2.75 | 7.03 | 2.41 | 2.40 |
28 | 20 | 30 | 4 | 7.26 | 2.58 | 2.44 | 6.28 | 2.57 | 2.69 | 7.15 | 2.46 | 2.42 |
29 | 25 | 30 | 4 | 7.17 | 2.51 | 2.38 | 6.07 | 2.67 | 2.66 | 7.30 | 2.46 | 2.40 |
30 | 30 | 30 | 4 | 7.12 | 2.47 | 2.38 | 5.83 | 2.88 | 2.65 | 7.23 | 2.47 | 2.34 |
31 | 5 | 30 | 5 | 8.13 | 3.35 | 2.81 | 7.34 | 4.24 | 3.63 | 8.13 | 3.20 | 2.75 |
32 | 10 | 30 | 5 | 8.28 | 3.33 | 2.80 | 7.18 | 3.95 | 3.54 | 8.17 | 3.20 | 2.79 |
33 | 15 | 30 | 5 | 8.20 | 3.30 | 2.77 | 6.98 | 3.76 | 3.48 | 7.96 | 3.22 | 2.80 |
34 | 20 | 30 | 5 | 5.23 | 3.28 | 2.78 | 6.76 | 3.66 | 3.45 | 5.35 | 3.36 | 2.78 |
35 | 25 | 30 | 5 | 5.08 | 3.20 | 2.73 | 6.51 | 3.66 | 3.44 | 5.11 | 3.36 | 2.75 |
36 | 30 | 30 | 5 | 5.03 | 3.07 | 2.73 | 6.23 | 3.76 | 3.46 | 4.97 | 3.18 | 2.72 |
37 | 5 | 20 | 3 | 5.42 | 1.34 | 1.71 | 4.56 | 1.29 | 2.01 | 5.56 | 1.42 | 1.63 |
38 | 10 | 20 | 3 | 5.21 | 1.07 | 1.55 | 4.52 | 1.12 | 1.89 | 5.37 | 1.28 | 1.57 |
39 | 15 | 20 | 3 | 4.52 | 0.90 | 1.43 | 4.44 | 1.05 | 1.79 | 4.56 | 1.05 | 1.51 |
40 | 20 | 20 | 3 | 4.28 | 0.91 | 1.48 | 4.34 | 1.07 | 1.72 | 4.26 | 0.88 | 1.47 |
41 | 25 | 20 | 3 | 4.22 | 0.88 | 1.42 | 4.21 | 1.23 | 1.68 | 4.30 | 0.84 | 1.43 |
42 | 30 | 20 | 3 | 4.22 | 0.85 | 1.41 | 4.05 | 1.42 | 1.66 | 4.16 | 0.80 | 1.41 |
43 | 5 | 20 | 4 | 5.81 | 2.42 | 2.40 | 6.86 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 5.72 | 2.39 | 2.43 |
44 | 10 | 20 | 4 | 6.12 | 2.31 | 2.32 | 6.77 | 2.88 | 3.06 | 6.01 | 2.37 | 2.37 |
45 | 15 | 20 | 4 | 6.60 | 2.28 | 2.33 | 6.66 | 2.75 | 2.99 | 6.44 | 2.34 | 2.32 |
46 | 20 | 20 | 4 | 6.28 | 2.23 | 2.27 | 6.51 | 2.63 | 2.95 | 6.22 | 2.30 | 2.28 |
47 | 25 | 20 | 4 | 6.18 | 2.22 | 2.23 | 6.34 | 2.65 | 2.94 | 6.13 | 2.24 | 2.29 |
48 | 30 | 20 | 4 | 6.19 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 6.13 | 2.76 | 2.95 | 6.19 | 2.21 | 2.30 |
49 | 5 | 20 | 5 | 7.26 | 3.31 | 2.75 | 8.25 | 4.80 | 3.8 | 7.23 | 3.37 | 2.74 |
50 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 8.13 | 3.37 | 2.80 | 8.12 | 4.42 | 3.74 | 7.99 | 3.34 | 2.73 |
51 | 15 | 20 | 5 | 8.28 | 3.36 | 2.77 | 7.96 | 4.14 | 3.7 | 8.42 | 3.32 | 2.74 |
52 | 20 | 20 | 5 | 8.05 | 3.36 | 2.79 | 7.78 | 3.96 | 3.69 | 8.16 | 3.32 | 2.78 |
53 | 25 | 20 | 5 | 7.95 | 3.29 | 2.77 | 7.56 | 3.88 | 3.75 | 7.73 | 3.37 | 2.78 |
54 | 30 | 20 | 5 | 7.67 | 3.29 | 2.74 | 7.32 | 3.89 | 3.75 | 7.59 | 3.38 | 2.75 |
Experimental Data | Predicted Responses by RSM | Predicted Responses by ANN | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sl. No. | Time (min) | Temperature (°C) | EC (%) | BC (mg/g) | BX (mg/g) | TPC (mg of GA/g) | BC (mg/g) | BX (mg/g) | TPC (mg of GA/g) | BC (mg/g) | BX (mg/g) | TPC (mg of GA/g) |
1 | 5 | 40 | 30 | 4.04 | 3.61 | 7.92 | 3.95 | 3.43 | 8.09 | 3.96 | 3.57 | 7.93 |
2 | 10 | 40 | 30 | 3.81 | 3.43 | 8.16 | 3.91 | 3.39 | 8.30 | 3.91 | 3.51 | 8.15 |
3 | 15 | 40 | 30 | 3.98 | 3.45 | 8.31 | 3.87 | 3.35 | 8.43 | 3.88 | 3.43 | 8.30 |
4 | 20 | 40 | 30 | 3.81 | 3.38 | 8.32 | 3.83 | 3.31 | 8.49 | 3.84 | 3.37 | 8.33 |
5 | 25 | 40 | 30 | 3.77 | 3.30 | 8.30 | 3.78 | 3.27 | 8.47 | 3.79 | 3.31 | 8.31 |
6 | 30 | 40 | 30 | 3.72 | 3.23 | 8.25 | 3.73 | 3.23 | 8.37 | 3.68 | 3.26 | 8.27 |
7 | 5 | 40 | 20 | 3.65 | 3.16 | 7.85 | 3.80 | 3.33 | 7.83 | 3.68 | 3.17 | 7.88 |
8 | 10 | 40 | 20 | 3.69 | 3.19 | 8.02 | 3.80 | 3.33 | 8.04 | 3.72 | 3.20 | 8.09 |
9 | 15 | 40 | 20 | 3.77 | 3.29 | 8.18 | 3.79 | 3.33 | 8.17 | 3.74 | 3.24 | 8.17 |
10 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 3.71 | 3.29 | 8.21 | 3.78 | 3.32 | 8.22 | 3.74 | 3.29 | 8.18 |
11 | 25 | 40 | 20 | 3.76 | 3.35 | 8.17 | 3.77 | 3.32 | 8.19 | 3.77 | 3.34 | 8.17 |
12 | 30 | 40 | 20 | 3.79 | 3.40 | 8.13 | 3.75 | 3.31 | 8.09 | 3.79 | 3.42 | 8.15 |
13 | 5 | 40 | 10 | 3.88 | 3.34 | 7.34 | 3.75 | 3.27 | 7.07 | 3.88 | 3.41 | 7.31 |
14 | 10 | 40 | 10 | 3.89 | 3.34 | 7.39 | 3.78 | 3.31 | 7.27 | 3.90 | 3.35 | 7.43 |
15 | 15 | 40 | 10 | 3.82 | 3.28 | 7.44 | 3.81 | 3.34 | 7.40 | 3.91 | 3.33 | 7.46 |
16 | 20 | 40 | 10 | 3.89 | 3.34 | 7.51 | 3.84 | 3.37 | 7.44 | 3.91 | 3.33 | 7.47 |
17 | 25 | 40 | 10 | 3.86 | 3.31 | 7.50 | 3.86 | 3.46 | 7.41 | 3.87 | 3.32 | 7.47 |
18 | 30 | 40 | 10 | 3.86 | 3.31 | 7.49 | 3.88 | 3.43 | 7.3 | 3.81 | 3.31 | 7.46 |
19 | 5 | 30 | 30 | 4.03 | 3.39 | 7.56 | 4.10 | 3.58 | 7.28 | 4.04 | 3.40 | 7.56 |
20 | 10 | 30 | 30 | 4.03 | 3.39 | 7.76 | 4.08 | 3.56 | 7.49 | 4.06 | 3.38 | 7.75 |
21 | 15 | 30 | 30 | 4.17 | 3.51 | 7.87 | 4.05 | 3.53 | 7.62 | 4.11 | 3.38 | 7.89 |
22 | 20 | 30 | 30 | 4.04 | 3.39 | 7.89 | 4.03 | 3.5 | 7.68 | 4.13 | 3.41 | 7.90 |
23 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 4.12 | 3.46 | 7.85 | 4.00 | 3.47 | 7.66 | 4.12 | 3.45 | 7.84 |
24 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 4.14 | 3.47 | 7.80 | 3.96 | 3.43 | 7.56 | 4.10 | 3.50 | 7.76 |
25 | 5 | 30 | 20 | 4.12 | 3.57 | 7.49 | 4.03 | 3.53 | 7.41 | 4.14 | 3.63 | 7.48 |
26 | 10 | 30 | 20 | 4.20 | 3.69 | 7.70 | 4.05 | 3.54 | 7.62 | 4.09 | 3.60 | 7.69 |
27 | 15 | 30 | 20 | 4.06 | 3.51 | 7.78 | 4.06 | 3.55 | 7.75 | 4.02 | 3.54 | 7.78 |
28 | 20 | 30 | 20 | 3.97 | 3.44 | 7.79 | 4.07 | 3.55 | 7.87 | 3.98 | 3.47 | 7.79 |
29 | 25 | 30 | 20 | 3.94 | 3.41 | 7.77 | 4.07 | 3.55 | 7.77 | 3.98 | 3.40 | 7.78 |
30 | 30 | 30 | 20 | 3.88 | 3.35 | 7.74 | 4.07 | 3.55 | 7.67 | 3.99 | 3.35 | 7.77 |
31 | 5 | 30 | 10 | 3.95 | 3.54 | 6.96 | 4.07 | 3.51 | 7.04 | 3.98 | 3.53 | 6.97 |
32 | 10 | 30 | 10 | 4.00 | 3.58 | 7.03 | 4.12 | 3.56 | 7.24 | 4.07 | 3.60 | 7.09 |
33 | 15 | 30 | 10 | 4.21 | 3.78 | 7.12 | 4.17 | 3.62 | 7.37 | 4.16 | 3.67 | 7.11 |
34 | 20 | 30 | 10 | 4.16 | 3.74 | 7.13 | 4.22 | 3.64 | 7.41 | 4.24 | 3.76 | 7.11 |
35 | 25 | 30 | 10 | 4.29 | 3.87 | 7.11 | 4.26 | 3.68 | 7.38 | 4.29 | 3.87 | 7.10 |
36 | 30 | 30 | 10 | 4.38 | 3.95 | 7.10 | 4.29 | 3.72 | 7.27 | 4.35 | 3.95 | 7.10 |
37 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 3.84 | 3.24 | 7.53 | 4.01 | 3.41 | 7.38 | 3.98 | 3.31 | 7.53 |
38 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 4.22 | 3.52 | 7.71 | 4.08 | 3.46 | 7.58 | 4.14 | 3.44 | 7.68 |
39 | 15 | 20 | 10 | 3.99 | 3.33 | 7.78 | 4.14 | 3.52 | 7.71 | 4.07 | 3.43 | 7.75 |
40 | 20 | 20 | 10 | 4.22 | 3.48 | 7.78 | 4.26 | 3.57 | 7.75 | 4.16 | 3.48 | 7.78 |
41 | 25 | 20 | 10 | 4.26 | 3.52 | 7.76 | 4.26 | 3.62 | 7.72 | 4.24 | 3.54 | 7.76 |
42 | 30 | 20 | 10 | 4.32 | 3.58 | 7.72 | 4.31 | 3.66 | 7.62 | 4.31 | 3.62 | 7.72 |
43 | 5 | 20 | 20 | 3.96 | 3.42 | 7.49 | 3.88 | 3.38 | 7.36 | 4.01 | 3.46 | 7.48 |
44 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 4.08 | 3.57 | 7.60 | 3.91 | 3.44 | 7.57 | 4.06 | 3.50 | 7.62 |
45 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 4.05 | 3.51 | 7.67 | 3.94 | 3.42 | 7.74 | 4.08 | 3.53 | 7.67 |
46 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 4.02 | 3.49 | 7.69 | 3.97 | 3.44 | 7.75 | 4.07 | 3.55 | 7.69 |
47 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 4.05 | 3.53 | 7.68 | 3.99 | 3.45 | 7.72 | 4.06 | 3.56 | 7.69 |
48 | 30 | 20 | 20 | 4.06 | 3.55 | 7.66 | 4.01 | 3.46 | 7.62 | 4.05 | 3.55 | 7.66 |
49 | 5 | 20 | 30 | 3.88 | 3.47 | 6.86 | 3.85 | 3.4 | 6.84 | 3.88 | 3.43 | 6.85 |
50 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 3.75 | 3.37 | 6.91 | 3.85 | 3.38 | 7.05 | 3.82 | 3.41 | 6.92 |
51 | 15 | 20 | 30 | 3.76 | 3.36 | 6.96 | 3.85 | 3.37 | 7.18 | 3.78 | 3.38 | 6.99 |
52 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 3.78 | 3.37 | 6.99 | 3.84 | 3.35 | 7.24 | 3.75 | 3.35 | 6.99 |
53 | 25 | 20 | 30 | 3.74 | 3.31 | 7.00 | 3.82 | 3.32 | 7.21 | 3.73 | 3.33 | 6.99 |
54 | 30 | 20 | 30 | 3.73 | 3.28 | 6.99 | 3.81 | 3.34 | 7.12 | 3.72 | 3.30 | 7.01 |
1. Citric Acid solution as Solvent | ||||
Sl. No. | Responses | RMSE | MSE | R2 |
1 | BC | 0.032 | 0.092 | 0.99 |
2 | BX | 0.052 | 0.002 | 0.99 |
3 | TPC | 0.023 | 0.055 | 0.99 |
2. Aqueous–ethanol as solvent | ||||
1 | BC | 0.051 | 0.003 | 0.99 |
2 | BX | 0.047 | 0.002 | 0.99 |
3 | TPC | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.99 |
1. Citric acid solution as solvent | ||||
Sl. No. | Responses | RMSE | MSE | R2 |
1 | BC | 0.600 | 0.101 | 0.78 |
2 | BX | 0.282 | 0.126 | 0.89 |
3 | TPC | 0.671 | 0.138 | 0.79 |
2. Aqueous–ethanol as solvent | ||||
1 | BC | 0.471 | 0.211 | 0.88 |
2 | BX | 0.206 | 0.193 | 0.79 |
3 | TPC | 0.262 | 0.164 | 0.86 |
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Kumar, R.; Methven, L.; Oruna-Concha, M.J. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Citric Acid Solutions for Extracting Betalains and Total Phenolic Content from Freeze-Dried Beetroot Powder. Molecules 2023, 28, 6405. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176405
Kumar R, Methven L, Oruna-Concha MJ. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Citric Acid Solutions for Extracting Betalains and Total Phenolic Content from Freeze-Dried Beetroot Powder. Molecules. 2023; 28(17):6405. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176405
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Rahul, Lisa Methven, and Maria Jose Oruna-Concha. 2023. "A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Citric Acid Solutions for Extracting Betalains and Total Phenolic Content from Freeze-Dried Beetroot Powder" Molecules 28, no. 17: 6405. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176405