Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. FFF Techniques
Technique | Separation Based on Analytes: | Typical Size Range | Main Applications | |
---|---|---|---|---|
FlFFF | Hydrodynamic diffusion coefficient | 1 nm–20 μm | Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nanoparticles, micelles, vesicles, organelles, polymers | [30,31] |
ElFFF | Electrophoretic mobility, size | 1 nm–1 μm | Nanoparticles, proteins, viruses, bacteria | [19,32] |
ThFFF | Thermal diffusivity, size | 5 nm–10 μm | Polymers, gels, nanoparticles | [33] |
GrFFF | Size, density | 1–100 μm | Cells, bacteria, organelles | [5] |
SdFFF | Size, density | 10 nm–50 μm | Cells, bacteria, organelles | [5] |
MgFFF | Magnetic properties | 10–20 μm | Magnetic nanoparticles | [34] |
DlFFF | Size, dielectric properties | 1–20 μm | Cells | [27] |
1.2. FFF and SEC Complementarity
1.3. Detectors (Online Coupling)
1.3.1. Multiangle Light Scattering (MALS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
1.3.2. Differential Refractive Index (dRI) Detector
1.3.3. Fluorescence Detector (FLD)
1.3.4. MS Detectors
1.3.5. Novel Couplings
1.4. FFF and Offline Characterization
1.5. Interaction Studies and Immunoassay Development
2. Applications
2.1. Protein Analysis
2.2. Nucleic Acids Analysis
2.3. Polysaccharides
2.4. Lipoproteins and Liposomes
2.4.1. Lipoproteins
2.4.2. Liposomes
2.5. Subcellular Structures: Organelles and Exosomes
2.5.1. Organelles
2.5.2. Exosomes
2.6. Viruses and VLPs
2.7. Cells and Bacteria
2.7.1. Cells
2.7.2. Bacteria
2.7.3. FFF-MS Coupling for the Analysis of Bacteria and Cells
2.8. Engineered and Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles (ENPs/NNPs) for Nanomedicine
2.8.1. ENPs
2.8.2. NNPs
3. Conclusions
- (1)
- Versatility in terms of both mobile phase and injectable sample that allows working under conditions as close to native conditions as possible;
- (2)
- The absence of a stationary phase prevents unwanted interactions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rg/Rh | v-Value | Conformation |
---|---|---|
<0.7 | Highly expanded macromolecule | |
0.775 | 0.33 | Homogeneous-mass sphere |
1.0–1.5 | Branched | |
1.5–2.1 | 0.5–0.6 | Random coil |
>2 | 1 | Rod-like, elongated |
Detector | Features |
---|---|
UV-Vis/DAD |
|
FLD |
|
dRI |
|
MALS |
|
DLS |
|
ICP-MS |
|
High-Resolution MS |
|
Exosome Matrix | FFF Platform | Additional Techniques (Offline) | Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exosomes form human neural stem cells. | mFI-AFlFFF-UV (miniaturized frit inlet asymmetrical FlFFF UV-coupled) | TEM; LC-ESI-MS-MS | Exosome subpopulations larger than ∼50 nm were morphologically distinct from those smaller than ∼50 nm. Each exosome fraction showed a different protein pattern. | [179] |
Non-labeled B16-F10 exosomes from an aggressive mouse melanoma cell culture line. | AF4-UV-MALS | DLS; TEM | Label-free separation of exosomes into subfractions and corresponding size characterization. | [171] |
Lyophilized exosome standard HBM-BLCL21-30 [55] purified from the culture supernatant of an EBV-transformed. lymphoblastoid B cell line (HansaBioMed, Tallinn, Estonia). | AF4-UV-MALS | DLS; NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis); TEM | Significant influence of crossflow conditions and channel thickness on fractionation quality. Identification, separation, and size-characterization of two exosomes subpopulations. | [55] |
Exosomes isolated form the human urine of Pca patients and healthy controls. | AF4-UV | TEM; Western Blotting; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Exosome separation and size distribution characterization. The Lipidomic analysis of selected fractions indicated differences in lipidic content and composition between the exosomes of patients and health controls. | [167] |
B16-F10 melanoma-derived exosomes. | AF4-QUELS-UV | NTA; TEM; Mobius Zetasizer AFM; Blotting and MS Techniques; Odyssey Imaging System | The separation of two discernible exosome subpopulations, Exo-S and Exo-L, and the identification of distinct exomeres, which differ in size and content from other reported particles. Proteins, glycans, lipids, and nucleic acids are selectively packaged in exomeres. | [178] |
Purified human A375 melanoma exosomes. | Cy-El-FFF-UV-MALS | Mobius Zetasizer | The effect of buffer solution composition and dilution on exosome properties and separation. | [180] |
Extracellular vesicles from human plasma. | AF4-UV-MALS | Western Blotting; TEM; HPLC-C18; LC-ESI-MS/MS | Human plasma contains more EVs than the paired serum and shows age- and gender-independent individual variability of the amount of EVs in human plasma. Most of the proteins identified in the EVs from human plasma were involved in extracellular matrix structural constituents and associated with the ECM–receptor interaction pathway. | [181] |
Exosomes isolated from human serum samples. | AF4-UV-MALS | DLS; Western Blotting; nUHPLC-ESI-MS/M | The evaluation of the ability of ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation in exosome isolation from serum. A simple centrifugation followed by UF offered advantages, such as faster preparation and higher exosomal recovery, with smaller sample volumes than the UC method. However, the removal of lipoproteins seemed more efficient with UC than UF. | [177] |
Samples obtained from the ultracentrifugation of the culture medium of murine myoblasts (C2C12). | HF5-UV-FLD-MALS | NTA; TEM; Western Blotting | The overall characterization of small and large EVs in all the fractions obtained through ultracentrifugation. The identification of an otherwise-hidden rod-shaped species carrying nucleic content, was found predominantly in the densest SEV fractions, which could potentially correspond to exomeres. | [40] |
Fractions of exosomes and microvesicles were isolated from the culture media of DU145 cells using a series of centrifugation methods, including UC. | AF4-UV-MALS | nUHPLC-ESI-MS/MS; TEM; Western Blotting | Both UC and UF methods can be utilized for the initial isolation of EVs from cell culture media prior to the FlFFF separation of exosomes and microvesicles; however, UF was found to be more efficient than UC. The hyphenation of FlFFF with ESI-MS/MS allowed for the selective detection of lipid targets and specific biomarkers. | [182] |
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Giordani, S.; Marassi, V.; Placci, A.; Zattoni, A.; Roda, B.; Reschiglian, P. Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Molecules 2023, 28, 6201. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176201
Giordani S, Marassi V, Placci A, Zattoni A, Roda B, Reschiglian P. Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Molecules. 2023; 28(17):6201. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176201
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiordani, Stefano, Valentina Marassi, Anna Placci, Andrea Zattoni, Barbara Roda, and Pierluigi Reschiglian. 2023. "Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology" Molecules 28, no. 17: 6201. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176201