Radioprotective Effects from Propolis: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Type of Propolis Preparation (Concentration) | Radiation Type and Dose | Studied Sample | Main Outcomes | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
EEP (3–33 µg/mL) | 60Co γ-irradiation (1 Gy) | CHO-K1 cells | Decrease tendency in the quantity of radio-induced damage on cells that had been pre-treated with EEP | [7] |
EEP (pretreated cells during 15 and 30 min with concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 μg/mL) | 60Co γ-irradiation (3 Gy with 600 s of total time of exposure to radiation) | Fibroblast cells | Reduction in γ-ray-induced DNA damage in cells that were treated with EEP | [8] |
EEP (20, 40, 120, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL) | 60Co γ-irradiation (2 Gy with 600 s of total time of exposure to radiation) | Human lymphocytes | Decrease in the frequency of chromosome aberrations in samples treated with EEP. The protection against the formation of dicentrics, a specific type of chromosome aberration, exhibited a concentration-dependent pattern, with the maximum protection observed at a concentration of 120 μg/mL of EEP. The relationship between the observed frequency of dicentrics and EEP concentration followed a negative exponential function, suggesting that approximately 44% of dicentrics could be effectively protected against at the maximum concentration of EEP | [9] |
EEP (0–250 mg/mL; 1, 4, 24 h) | X-rays (0–6 Gy, single dose) | HNSCC cell lines (FaDu, UT-SCC15, UT-SCC45), fibroblasts (HSF2) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) | Reduction in cell growth and clonogenic survival, following a time- and concentration-dependent pattern. Additionally, propolis induced apoptosis, as evidenced by Caspase 3 cleavage. Furthermore, propolis treatment led to an increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B/Akt1 (Akt1), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) | [10] |
EEP (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL of EEP and 30, 50, and 100 μg/mL of EEP for cell viability and clonogenic assays, respectively) | 60Co γ-irradiation (dose rate of 2.82 Gy/min with a 90% attenuator, at doses of 1, 2, 4 and 6 Gy) | CHO-K1 cells | Demonstrate, at 30 μg/mL, a radio-protective effect by reducing radiation-induced DNA damage in irradiated CHO-K1 cells. Moreover, at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, propolis exhibited a significant proliferative effect when combined with radiation, resulting in a decrease in the percentage of necrotic cells. Additionally, the concentration of 50 μg/mL of propolis showed a significant stimulating effect on cell proliferation | [11] |
Tetragona clavipes propolis extracts (aqueous solution at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5 and 10%) | 60Co γ-irradiation (2 and 5 Gy) | Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) | Increase in cell viability, particularly in the 5% and 10% concentrations of the extract, when incubated in culture, even after exposure to a radiation dose of 5 Gy | [12] |
EEP of Brazilian Green Propolis | 5 mJ/cm2 of UV-B light for 7 s and after 6 h from UVB irradiation | Human skin derived-immortal keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT cells | In weakly UVB-exposed cells, the application of propolis was found to effectively suppress TJ (tight junction) permeability, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production, and the nitration level of CLDN1 | [13] |
Propolis wax from Tetragonula sp. bees | 4 J/cm2 of UV A light | Human Embryonic Kidney 293 T and fibroblast cells lines | Provide protection to cells against the formation of free radicals induced by UV radiation. This protection was achieved by maintaining the cell proliferation rate, reducing the production of free radicals following UV exposure, and decreasing the number of cell deaths | [14] |
Type of Propolis Preparation (Concentration) | Radiation Type and Dose | Studied Sample | Main Outcomes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
WSDP (per OS via gastral tube, daily for 20 and 40 days and the daily dose contained 50 mg/kg bw) | 60Co γ-irradiation (4–9 Gy) | 3-month-old CBA male mice | In mice treated with WSDP, both the number of endogenous and exogenous colony-forming units (CFUs) in the spleen was found to be higher compared to the control group. Notably, when using the exogenous CFUs assay, it was observed that CFUs derived from the spleen of WSDP-treated mice exhibited greater resistance to irradiation compared to CFUs from the spleen of normal mice | [15] |
WSDP of Croatian and Brazilian propolis (50 or 150 mg/kg) | 60Co γ-irradiation (9 Gy) | 3-month-old CBA female mice | WSDP has been shown to possess radioprotective, stimulative, and regenerative properties on hematopoiesis. These findings suggest that WSDP could have clinical potential in the treatment of various cytopenias induced by radiation and/or chemotherapy | [16] |
WSDP and EEP (100 mg kg−1 bw i.p. for 3 consecutive days before (pretreatment) or after irradiation (therapy)) | 60Co γ-irradiation (9 Gy) | 3-month-old CBA male mice | Their use has been observed to provide protection against hematopoietic death, which refers to mortality occurring within 30 days after irradiation | [17] |
WSDP (100 mg kg−1 bw i.p. for 3 consecutive days before (pretreatment) or after irradiation (therapy)) | 60Co γ-irradiation (4 and 9 Gy) | 2-month-old CBA male mice | WSDP given to mice before irradiation protected mice from lethal effects of whole-body irradiation and diminished primary DNA damage in their white blood cells | [18] |
EEP (100 mg kg−1 bw i.p. for 3 consecutive days before (pretreatment) or after irradiation (therapy)) | 60Co γ-irradiation (9 Gy) | 3-month-old CBA male mice | EEP, before irradiation, protected white blood cells of mice from lethal effects of irradiation and diminished primary DNA damage | [19] |
EEP (100 mg kg−1 bw i.p. for 3 consecutive days before (pretreatment) or after irradiation (therapy)) | 60Co γ-irradiation (4 Gy) | 3-month-old CBA male mice | Mice that received pretreatment with EEP demonstrated reduced sensitivity to irradiation. On the other hand, mice that received post-irradiation therapy with EEP showed a slight increase in total leukocyte count compared to the irradiated negative control, although the increase was not statistically significant. Notably, EEP exhibited a protective effect against primary DNA damage in leukocytes of mice | [20] |
EEP (injections of 100 or 200 mg/kg i.p. of EEP) | X-rays (a dose rate of 15 Gy in 9 min and 39 s) | 7–11-week-old Wistar male rats | Reduce and delay radiation-induced mucositis in this animal model | [21] |
WSDP (5 mL/kg of the 13% WSDP solution (corresponding to 0.65 g dry extract/kg)) | 137Cs γ-irradiation (single radiation dose level of 2, 3 or 6 Gray (Gy) being the radiation dose rate was 0.48 Gy/min) | Wistar male rats | Reduce the number of gastric lesions as well as the plasma level of malondialdehyde (MDA) | [22] |
400 mg/kg propolis injections before irradiation | 60Co γ-irradiation (15 Gy, on the whole cranium for 7 min and 39 s) | Wistar albino male rats | Protect propolis of effects on salivary gland function in animal models whilst it did not prevent radiation-induced histologic changes in tissues | [23] |
Iranian propolis | 60Co γ-irradiation (5 Gy of irradiation for 7 min and 39 s) | 7–11-week-old Wistar male rats | Reduce and delay radiation-induced mucositis in animal models | [24] |
Propolis was freshly prepared and administered to animals orally at a dose of 90 mg/kg | 60Co γ-irradiation (1 Gy every day up to 5 Gy total doses) | Albino male rats | Propolis can be more effective than honey in the protection against oxidative damage induced by ionizing radiation | [25] |
30% in propolis, 40% in caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), 20% in Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and 50% thymoquinone (TQ) administered by either orogastric tube or i.p. injection | 60Co γ-irradiation (5 Gy) | Sprague–Dawley male rats | Propolis, CAPE, NSO, and TQ could prevent cataractogenesis in ionizing radiation-induced cataracts in the lenses of rats, wherein propolis and NSO were found to be more potent | [26] |
Hydroalcoholic Extract of Red Propolis (HERP) | 1.6 J/cm2 of UV B light | Adult Wistar male rats | HERP might protect the skin against tissue damages caused by UVB radiation | [27] |
WSDP (3 days before exposure, rats were given WSDP orally and treatment continued for 2 more days) | 137Cs γ-irradiation (8 Gy) | Wistar male rats | Diminish apoptotic indicators and oxidative stress parameters | [28] |
Type of Propolis Preparation (Concentration) | Radiation Type and Dose | Studied Sample | Main Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
EEP (pretreated blood samples with for 30 and 120 min with 100 µg mL−1 of EEP) | 60Co γ-irradiation (4 Gy) | One healthy male donor (age 35 years, non-smoker) | Diminish the levels of primary and more complex cytogenetic DNA damage in γ-irradiated white blood cells | [29] |
WSDP (pretreated blood samples with for 30 and 120 min with 100 µg mL−1 of WSDP) | 60Co γ-irradiation (4 Gy) | One healthy male donor (age 35 years, non-smoker) | Reduce the number of necrotic cells and to diminish the levels of primary and more complex cytogenetic DNA damage in white blood cells | [30] |
15 mL of WSDP (3%) and then to swallow 3 times/day for 5 weeks simultaneously with radiotherapy protocol from the first session | 60Co γ-irradiation (2 Gy/day, 5 times a week up to total dose of 50 to 70 Gy) | 20 patients involved with head and neck malignancies including 14 (70%) male and 6 (30%) female | Prevent and heals radiotherapy induced mucositis | [31] |
Propolis capsules (400 mg, 3 times daily) for 10 consecutive days before radiotherapy, during the course of radiation treatment and 10 days after completing the radiotherapy | 50 Gy over a period of 25 days in a daily fraction of 2 Gy delivered five times a week | Three groups: (i) healthy females, (ii) females with breast cancer who received chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy only and (iii) females with breast cancer who received chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy plus propolis supplements (age 35 years, non-smoker) | The supplementation of propolis in conjunction with radiotherapy treatment has demonstrated a significant protective effect against DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation in leukocytes of breast cancer patients. Additionally, propolis supplementation has been found to inhibit the overexpression of RRM2, which is a protein associated with cancer progression. Moreover, propolis exhibits beneficial effects on the antioxidant capacity of the serum and improves the absorption of iron in the digestive system as well as enhances the efficiency of hemoglobin regeneration | [32] |
An aqueous suspension containing 0.8% (w/v) of the BOP mix (50% (w/w) of BOP type 4 and 50% (w/w) of BOP type 6) | A dose at least 40 Gy either adjuvant to surgery, exclusively or associated with chemotherapy | Participants had to be aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharynx cancer | Topic use of BOP reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels, oral candidiasis episodes, and seems to be a useful complementary option for the prevention and treatment of the main acute oral toxicities of radiotherapy | [33] |
Type of Propolis | Main Compounds | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Croatian propolis | Contain m/V total polyphenols 14.78% (caffeic acid 2.02%, naringenin 2.41%; chrysin 2.45%, pinocembrin 3.06%, galangin 2.12%) | [16] |
Brazilian propolis | Contain m/V total polyphenols 15.79% (caffeic acid 2.2%, naringenin 0.54%; chrysin 3.38%, pinocembrin 5.44%, galangin 3.07%) | [16] |
Egyptian propolis | Total phenol (113.7–121.6 mg GAE/g propolis) Total flavonoid (118.3–124.5 mg CEQ/g propolis) | [25] |
Brazilian red propolis | Biochanin A Daidzein Formononetin | [27] |
EEP of Brazilian Green Propolis | Apiin (which is a glycoside of apigenin) Chrysin Kaempferide Laempferol Quercetin | [13] |
Brazilian Organic Propolis | Caffeoyl tartaric acid Coumaric acid Caffeic acid Gallic acid 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid Quercetin Gibberellins Artepillin C | [33] |
Propolis commercialized in Spain | Acacetin Apigenin Caffeic acid CAPE Chrysin Cinnamic acid Galangin Kaempferide Kaempferol m-coumaric acid o-coumaric acid p-coumaric acid Quercetin | [9] |
European propolis | Apigenin Caffeic acid Caffeic acid isoprenyl ester Caffeic acid isoprenyl ester (isomer) CAPE Kaempferide p-coumaric acid Pinobanksin-3-O-acetate Pinobanksin-3-O-butyrate or isobutyrate Pinobanksin-3-O-pentanoate or 2-methylbutyrate Pinobanksin-3-O-propionate Pinocembrin Quercitin | [10] |
Propolis wax from Tetragonula sp. bees | 1,7-Dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyxanthone 3,4′,5-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-isopentenyl flavone 3,5-Dihydroxy-3, 4′,7-trimethoxyflavone 3′,5-Dihydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavone 4-Hydroxyacetophenone 4′-O-Methylbrazilin 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-3′,8-diprenylflavone Bakuchalcone Flavenochromane B Galangin Ginkgetin Glabrol Irilone Isoxanthohumol Kuraninone Kushenol A-C, E, F, I, N, S, U, W and X Kuwanon C and E Methyl kushenol C Moracin H Psoralenol Rhamnetin Scutellarein Sophoradichromane B Sophoradichromane D | [14] |
Thai propolis | 19 compounds belonging to flavonoids and phenolic esters and two new compounds as are (7″S)-8-[1-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]- (2S)-pinocembrin and (E)-cinnamyl-(E)-cinnamylidenate from methanolic extract of Thai propolis | [36] |
Thai propolis | 27-Hydroxyisomangiferolic acid Ambolic acid Anacardic acid Cardanols Cardols Cycloartenol Isomangiferolic acid Mangiferolic acid | [37] |
Thai propolis (Chanthaburi and Chiang Mai propolis) | γ- and α-mangostins and five prenylated flavanones | [38] |
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Ibáñez, B.; Melero, A.; Montoro, A.; San Onofre, N.; Soriano, J.M. Radioprotective Effects from Propolis: A Review. Molecules 2023, 28, 5842. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155842
Ibáñez B, Melero A, Montoro A, San Onofre N, Soriano JM. Radioprotective Effects from Propolis: A Review. Molecules. 2023; 28(15):5842. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155842
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbáñez, Blanca, Ana Melero, Alegría Montoro, Nadia San Onofre, and Jose M. Soriano. 2023. "Radioprotective Effects from Propolis: A Review" Molecules 28, no. 15: 5842. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155842