Ultrasound-Assisted Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in Industrial Wastewater Using Persulfate Coupled with Semiconductors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Comparison of Persulfate Oxidation Simply and Persulfate Integrated with Diverse Semiconductors under Ultrasonic Irradiation
2.2. Effect of Band Gap Energy on Persulfate Integrated with Ag/NiO Semiconductor
2.3. Effect of Scavenger Dosages on Persulfate Integrated with Ag (4 wt%)/NiO under Ultrasonic Irradiation
2.4. Effect of Ultrasonic Power Intensity on Persulfate Integrated with Ag (4 wt%)/NiO under Ultrasonic Irradiation
2.5. Effect of Persulfate Concentrations on Persulfate Integrated with Ag (4 wt%)/NiO under Ultrasonic Irradiation
2.6. Effect of Dosages of Ag (4 wt%)/NiO Integrated with Persulfate under Ultrasonic Irradiation
2.7. Reaction Pathway of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene on Persulfate Integrated with Ag (4 wt%)/NiO under Ultrasonic Irradiation
3. Experimental Methods
3.1. Test on Persulfate Integrated with Semiconductors Motivated by Ultrasound
3.2. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis
3.3. Physicochemical Characterizations of Ag/NiO
3.4. Scavenging Effects
3.5. Gas Chromatograph–Mass Spectrometer Analysis (GC-MS)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Semiconductor | Ag (wt%) | Ni (wt%) | O (wt%) | Band Gap Energy (eV) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NiO | 0.00 | 86.48 | 13.52 | 3.45 |
Ag (1 wt%)/NiO | 0.97 | 81.37 | 17.66 | 3.15 |
Ag (2 wt%)/NiO | 1.43 | 81.11 | 17.46 | 2.87 |
Ag (3 wt%)/NiO | 2.56 | 81.04 | 16.40 | 2.77 |
Ag (4 wt%)/NiO | 3.90 | 78.08 | 18.02 | 2.53 |
Component | m/z (Relative Abundance, %) |
---|---|
Feedstock | |
2,4-Dinitrotoluene Degradation intermediate | 51 (13.2), 63 (35.7), 78 (16.4), 89 (60.8), 90 (26.1), 119 (25.5), 165 (100), 166 (13.9) |
o-Mononitrotoluene | 39 (28.2), 63 (27.7), 65 (82.9), 77 (30.4), 89 (30.8), 91 (61.3), 92 (62.3), 120 (100) |
p-Mononitrotoluene | 39 (24.9), 63 (25.4), 65 (71.0), 77 (26.8), 89 (20.9), 91 (100), 107 (34.5), 137 (86.9) |
Nitrobenzene | 50 (15.6), 51 (37.6), 65 (13.5), 74 (8.9), 77 (100), 78 (7.4), 93 (16.9), 123 (70.0) |
2-Nitrophenol | 39 (15.6), 53 (9.5), 63 (20.1), 64 (13.9), 65 (25.4), 81 (19.5), 109 (18.0), 139 (100) |
3-Nitrophenol | 39 (35.8), 53 (10.6), 63 (14.7), 64 (7.9), 65 (63.7), 81 (15.8), 93 (51.3), 139 (100) |
4-Nitrophenol | 39 (44.2), 53 (23.2), 63 (287.1), 65 (79.9), 81 (32.9), 93 (27.0), 109 (67.0), 139 (100) |
Phenol | 38 (5.2), 39 (12.5), 40 (6.9), 55 (6.3), 63 (6.5), 65 (20.8), 66 (27.2), 94 (100), 95 (7.6) |
Hydroquinone | 39 (6.9), 53 (14.3), 54 (12.8), 55 (10.5), 81 (25.4), 82 (12.2), 110 (100), 143 (9.6) |
p-Benzoquinone | 26 (18.0), 52 (17.7), 53 (17.2), 54 (63.2), 80 (28.3), 82 (36.0), 108 (100), 110 (12.0) |
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Chen, W.-S.; Hsu, M.-C. Ultrasound-Assisted Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in Industrial Wastewater Using Persulfate Coupled with Semiconductors. Molecules 2023, 28, 4351. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114351
Chen W-S, Hsu M-C. Ultrasound-Assisted Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in Industrial Wastewater Using Persulfate Coupled with Semiconductors. Molecules. 2023; 28(11):4351. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114351
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Wen-Shing, and Min-Chih Hsu. 2023. "Ultrasound-Assisted Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in Industrial Wastewater Using Persulfate Coupled with Semiconductors" Molecules 28, no. 11: 4351. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114351