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Communication

DBU Promoted Polysubstituted Arene Formation via a Michael Addition/Cyclization/Elimination Cascade Reaction

by
Guishun Bai
1,
Yang Yang
1,
Xingyue Wang
1,
Jiamin Wu
1,
Hong Wang
1,2,3,*,
Xinyi Ye
1,2,3,* and
Xiaoze Bao
1,2,3,*
1
College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
2
Zhejiang International Sci-Tech Cooperation Base for the Exploitation and Utilization of Nature Product, Hangzhou 310014, China
3
Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310014, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8167; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238167
Submission received: 31 October 2022 / Revised: 19 November 2022 / Accepted: 20 November 2022 / Published: 23 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atroposelective Synthesis of Novel Axially Chiral Molecules)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The straightforward construction of polysubstituted arenes is essential in both synthetic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we reported a DBU promoted Michael addition/cyclization/elimination cascade reaction between vinylogous malononitrile derivatives and chlorinated nitrostyrenes for the synthesis of polysubstituted arenes. The method features mild reaction conditions, wide substrate scope and high yield. Interestingly, preliminary study of the enantioselective version of this cascade was conducted to give chiral biaryl atropisomers with up to 40% ee through center-to-axial chirality transfer strategy.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The construction of arenes with different complexity is the main focus in both synthetic chemistry and medicinal chemistry [1,2,3,4], as the high frequency of the appearance of arenes in numerous valuable molecules [5,6,7,8]. Although lots of methodologies have been developed in this area, the facile synthesis of polysubstituted arenes usually relies on the inconvenient stepwise substitution of existed arenes [9,10,11,12]. Thus, the straightforward formation of arene cores with readily obtainable pre-functionalized substrates could enhance the synthetic efficiency and facilitate the development in this area.
Recently, the easily accessible α-brominated and chlorinated nitrostyrenes 1 and 2 [13,14] were emerged as powerful C2 synthons in the synthesis of different ring systems (Figure 1a). In particular, with the utilization of different C3 synthons, a series of polysubstituted heteroarenes were constructed through (3 + 2) cyclization process, including furans [15,16,17,18], pyrazoles [19,20,21], imidazoles [22], triazoles [23,24,25], and pyrroles [26,27,28,29,30]. The versatilities of nitrostyrenes 1-2 were based on the electron deficiency of the double bound and the high reactivity of the leaving group X (X= Cl, Br) [31,32,33]. Unfortunately, the construction of important polysubstituted arenes with these easily accessible nitrostyrenes were still undeveloped, probably due to the lack of suitable C4 synthons.
With the ongoing interest of our group in the chemistry of chlorinated nitrostyrene 1 [34,35], we hypothesized that the vinylogous malononitrile derivative 3 could undergo Michael addition with nitrostyrene 1 to form the adduct 4 in the presence of suitable base, then the base promoted intramolecular cyclization process could give the diastereomers 5 and 6 (Figure 1b). The final 1,2-trans elimination would furnish the polysubstituted arenes 7-8, respectively. In this process, the diastereoselective control in the cyclization step was the key point to avoid the formation of the mixture of arenes 7 and 8. Interestingly, with the chiral catalyst, the enantioselective Michael addition/cyclization/elimination cascade gave the opportunity to construct chiral biaryl atropisomers A trough center-to-axial chirality transfer process [36,37] (Figure 1b). Herein, we reported the preliminary results of this interesting cascade reaction.

2. Results and Discussion

To test our hypothesis, the initial reaction was conducted with 2-(3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ylidene) malononitrile 3a with simple chlorinated nitrostyrene 1a in the presence of stoichiometric amount of triethylamine (Et3N) in dichloromethane at room temperature (Table 1, entry 1). Unfortunately, no desired product 7aa was detected, probably due to the weak basicity of Et3N. Next, 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) instead of Et3N was used in the reaction, and the nitro group substituted product 7aa was obtained in 29% yield in 2 h (Table 1, entry 2). With this promising result, 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) with enhancing basicity was tested to furnish 7aa in 80% yield within 30 min, and no chlorinated arene derivative 8aa was observed (Table 1, entry 3). However, when stronger base lithium t-butoxide was added into the reaction, only trace amount of 7aa was observed (Table 1, entry 4). In order to further improve the yield, a series of inorganic bass were investigated, but very poor results were obtained (Table 1, entry 5–8). With DBU as the best choice of base, the solvent was then screened (Table 1, entry 9–12), and the utilization of toluene improved the yield of 7aa to 85% within 15 min. In addition, enhancing the equivalent of DBU from 1.0 to 1.5 finally gave the desired product 7aa in 95% yield.
With the optimized conditions in hand, the scope of vinylogous malononitrile derivative 3 and chlorinated nitrostyrenes 1 were explored. The results were summarized in Scheme 1. Both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents in the phenyl ring of nitrostyrenes 1 were compatible in this reaction, and the resulting products were obtained in 70–97% yields (7ba-7ma). In general, the reaction proceeded better with electron-withdrawing groups compared with the electron-donating groups. Meanwhile, the yields of the products decreased in the order of para-substituent, meta-substituent, and ortho-substituent, probably due to the steric hindrance (7ba, 7la, and 7ia). Considering the importance of heterocyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry, the furan [38,39], thiophene [40,41,42,43], and indole [44,45,46,47] moieties were all installed to the arenes, and the desired products 7na-7qa were furnished in 36–93% yields. On the other hand, the tolerance of vinylogous malononitrile derivative 3 were also investigated. Generally, the substituents on the phenyl ring had few influences in the yields of the products (7ab-7ae). The oxa-malononitrile derivatives were also suitable for this reaction, and the corresponding products 7af and 7ag were obtained in 86% and 68% yields, respectively. Interestingly, compared with the seven-membered ring fused malononitrile derivative, the five-membered ring fused one gave the product with much lower yields (7ah vs. 7ai) with currently unknown reason.
With these results in hand, the mechanism which was responsible for the dominant formation of the nitro-substituted arene 7 in this Michael addition/cyclization/elimination cascade was proposed (Scheme 2). After the formation of the first Michael adduct, two possible transition states TS-1 and TS-2 could be generated. In TS-2, the DBU spontaneously activated the α-position of nitro group and the electron-deficient nitrile group via the hydrogen bonding. In addition, the nitronate on the equatorial position may also possessed π-π stacking interaction with the nitrile group. Both of these could accelerate the cyclization process to form the key intermediate 6a. Finally, the 1,2-trans elimination of HCl gave the observed product 7aa. On the other hand, in TS-2, the hydrogen bonding network and the π-π stacking interaction were disrupted because of the distance between the nitronate and nitrile group. Moreover, the steric hindrance between the phenyl group and the nitronate also made this transition state unfavorable.
Recently, the enantioselective construction of axially chiral biaryls has attracted much attention, as their widely existence in natural products [48,49] and bioactive molecules [50,51,52], as well as in chiral ligands [53,54] and chiral organo-catalysts [55,56,57]. In this context, the successful synthesis of the ortho-brominated product 7ka encouraged us to test the possibility of the enantioselective synthesis of this stable atropisomer. With the proposed mechanism and the currently emerged “center-to-axial chirality transfer” strategy, the chirality in the first Michael addition step could transfer to the final axial chirality. Next, the commonly used bifunctional chiral organo-catalysts were used to introduce the chirality (Table 2). Interestingly, with quinine Cat. 1 as the catalyst, an intermediate was formed instead of the final product 7ka (Table 2, entry 1). Unfortunately, the intermediate was not stable during the separation process. Benefit from the results in Table 1, the addition of DBU promoted the intermediate to the final product 7ka in 70% yield and 17% ee. Considering the relatively weak basicity of quinine, the Michael adduct 9 was proposed to be the observed intermediate. This preliminary result promoted us to screen a series of cinchona alkaloid-derived catalysts to improve the enantioselectivity (Table 2, entries 2–8). The well-defined bifunctional thiourea/urea Cat. 5-6 improved the enantioselectivities to 31% ee and 33% ee, respectively. Another bifunctional catalyst squaramide Cat. 7 further improved the ee to 40% (more details could be found in the Supplementary Materials), albeit with lower 40% yield (Table 2, entries 7). Extending the carbon chain of the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline moiety did not give better result (Table 2, entries 8). In addition, the replacement of cinchona alkaloid moiety with chiral cyclohexane diamine also failed to improve the ee (Table 2, entries 9–10). Next, with Cat. 7 as the catalyst, a quick survey of the solvent revealed that the ethyl acetate gave the best result, affording the product 7ka in 63% yield and 40% ee (Table 2, entries 14). Rather than the high-throughput screening of the reaction conditions, the chirality conversion efficiency from the intermediate 9 to the final product 7ka was essential for the enantioselectivity. Thus, in order to answer whether the relatively low ee was determined by the Michael addition step or by the chirality transfer step, the identification of the key intermediated 9 is still ongoing in our lab.

3. Materials and Methods

The detailed procedure of the synthesis and characterization of the products are given in Supplementary Materials.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, a facile Michael addition/cyclization/elimination cascade reaction between vinylogous malononitrile derivatives and chlorinated nitrostyrenes was developed to construct polysubstituted arenes. The method features the advantages of mild conditions, wide substrate scope, and high yield. Preliminary studies based on center-to-axial chirality transfer strategy revealed that chiral biaryl atropisomers could be obtained through the enantioselective version of this cascade reaction. Further investigation on the key intermediate of this reaction and the improvement of the enantioselectivity are still in progress in our lab.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27238167/s1, 1H and 13C NMR spectra for all compounds. References [13,58,59,60] are contained in the Supplementary Materials.

Author Contributions

G.B., Y.Y. and X.W., performance of experiments, synthesis, and characterization of all the obtained compounds, writing of original draft; J.W., preliminary optimization of the reaction conditions; H.W., X.Y. and X.B., editing conceptualization and supervision of the project. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

High-Level Talent Special Support Plan of Zhejiang Province (2019R52009). Scientific research project of Department of Education of Zhejiang Province (Y202250728).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge financial support from the High-Level Talent Special Support Plan of Zhejiang Province (2019R52009), Department of Education of Zhejiang Province (Y202250728), and support from Damien Bonne and Jean Rodriguez from iSm2 (Marseille, France) for the chemistry of chloronitroalkenes.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molecules 27 08167 g001 550
Figure 1. Recent development of bromi- or chlorinated nitrostyrenes in (hetero)arene synthesis.
Figure 1. Recent development of bromi- or chlorinated nitrostyrenes in (hetero)arene synthesis.
Molecules 27 08167 g001
Molecules 27 08167 sch001 550
Scheme 1. The scope of the substrates. 3 (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 1 (0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv), and DBU (0.3 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were stirred at room temperature in toluene (2 mL).
Scheme 1. The scope of the substrates. 3 (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 1 (0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv), and DBU (0.3 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were stirred at room temperature in toluene (2 mL).
Molecules 27 08167 sch001
Molecules 27 08167 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The proposed mechanism of the cyclization step. TS = transition state.
Scheme 2. The proposed mechanism of the cyclization step. TS = transition state.
Molecules 27 08167 sch002
Table
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions.
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions.
Molecules 27 08167 i001
Entry aSolventBaseReaction Time (h)Yield b (%)
1 cDCMEt3N12trace
2DCMDABCO229
3DCMDBU0.580
4DCM(CH3)3 COLi12trace
5DCMNaOH12trace
6DCMK2CO312trace
7DCMCsCO31216
8DCMK3PO312trace
9 dEADBU0.581
10CH3CNDBU0.2580
11 eDCEDBU0.2582
12TolueneDBU0.2585
13 fTolueneDBU0.2595
a Reaction conditions: 1a (0.12 mmol), 3a (0.10 mmol), and base (0.10 mmol) were stirred in solvents (1.0 mL) at room temperature. b Isolated yield. c DCM = dichloromethane. d DCE = 1,2-dichloroethane. e EA = ethyl acetate. f DBU (0.15 mmol) was added.
Table
Table 2. The optimization of the chiral product.
Table 2. The optimization of the chiral product.
Molecules 27 08167 i002
Entry aCat.SolventYield (%)Ee b (%)
1Cat. 1DCM7017
2Cat. 2DCM63−14
3Cat. 3DCM7123
4Cat. 4DCM6114
5Cat. 5DCM6531
6Cat. 6DCM5633
7Cat. 7DCM4040
8Cat. 8DCM4813
9Cat. 9DCM48−31
10Cat. 10DCM67−14
11Cat. 7DCE3837
12Cat. 7CHCl33539
13Cat. 7Toluene5927
14Cat. 7EA6340
a Reaction conditions: 1a (0.10 mmol), 2q (0.12 mmol), catalyst Cat (10 mol %) were stirred in solvent (1.0 mL) for 12 h at room temperature. Next, DBU (0.1 mmol) was added. b Ee values were determined by chiral HPLC analysis.
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Bai, G.; Yang, Y.; Wang, X.; Wu, J.; Wang, H.; Ye, X.; Bao, X. DBU Promoted Polysubstituted Arene Formation via a Michael Addition/Cyclization/Elimination Cascade Reaction. Molecules 2022, 27, 8167. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238167

AMA Style

Bai G, Yang Y, Wang X, Wu J, Wang H, Ye X, Bao X. DBU Promoted Polysubstituted Arene Formation via a Michael Addition/Cyclization/Elimination Cascade Reaction. Molecules. 2022; 27(23):8167. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238167

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bai, Guishun, Yang Yang, Xingyue Wang, Jiamin Wu, Hong Wang, Xinyi Ye, and Xiaoze Bao. 2022. "DBU Promoted Polysubstituted Arene Formation via a Michael Addition/Cyclization/Elimination Cascade Reaction" Molecules 27, no. 23: 8167. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238167

APA Style

Bai, G., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Wu, J., Wang, H., Ye, X., & Bao, X. (2022). DBU Promoted Polysubstituted Arene Formation via a Michael Addition/Cyclization/Elimination Cascade Reaction. Molecules, 27(23), 8167. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238167

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