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Article

A New Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on BODIPY for Highly Selective Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide

by
Huan Xiang
,
Tianqing Ye
*,
Yanbo Li
,
Yanfei Lin
,
Dan Liu
,
Hongwei Zhou
,
Jianbo Wang
* and
Lei Li
*
Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7499; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217499
Submission received: 17 September 2022 / Revised: 25 October 2022 / Accepted: 26 October 2022 / Published: 3 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis of Small Molecules Fluorescent Probes and Their Applications from Sensing to Imaging)
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Abstract

:
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as small molecular signal messenger plays key functions in numerous biological processes. The imaging detection of intracellular hydrogen sulfide is of great significance. In this work, a ratiometric fluorescent probe BH based on an asymmetric BODIPY dye for detection of H2S was designed and synthesized. After the interaction with hydrogen sulfide, probe display colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence response, with its maximum emission fluorescence wavelength red-shifted from 542 nm to 594 nm, which is attributed to the sequential nucleophilic reaction of H2S leading to enhanced molecular conjugation after ring formation of the BODIPY skeleton. A special response mechanism has been fully investigated by NMR titration and MS, so that the probe has excellent detection selectivity. Furthermore, probe BH has low cytotoxicity and fluorescence imaging experiments indicate that it can be used to monitor hydrogen sulfide in living cells.

1. Introduction

As the third gaseous transmitter after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has gained more attention due to its multiple features in biological progresses [1,2,3]. Intracellular H2S is generated by enzymes such as cysteine gamma-lyase (CSE) and cysteine beta synthase (CBS) catalyzed by sulfur-containing amino acids, and further plays important roles in regulation of several physiological activities, such as vascular tone, neuromodulation, inflammation and apoptosis [4,5,6]. Abnormal concentrations of H2S are often correlated with several diseases including diabetes, Alzheimer’s and liver cirrhosis [7,8,9]. Hence, it is of significance to monitor the intracellular H2S levels for thorough understanding of the H2S functional roles in living cells.
Conventional tools including colorimetric method, chromatography and electrochemical methods are difficult to monitor the intracellular H2S because of their shortcomings, such as low sensitivity and complicated operation [10,11,12]. Fluorescence probe is regarded as one of the most powerful means for detecting analysis and visualizing imaging of biologically relevant species due to the high sensitivity, spatial–temporal resolution and real-time imaging [13,14]. Among numerous fluorophores, Boron dipyrromethenes (BODIPY) dyes have been widely applied in fluorescence sensing and imaging because of their high absorption coefficient, excellent fluorescent quantum yield and high photo-stability [15,16]. So far, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the exploitation of BODIPY-based fluorescent probes for monitoring and imaging of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in living cells with high sensitivity and low detection limits [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. However, most of the reported H2S fluorescent probes based on BODIPY are focused on the “turn-on” or “turn-off” detection model in which the fluorescence intensity of probes increases with the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. However, the single fluorescent intensity change is also easily limited to the interference of the environment factors, excitation light source and probe concentration. The ratiometric fluorescent probe exhibits good detection accuracy through the ratio of fluorescent intensity at two channel wavelengths to avoid the systemic error in biological imaging. In addition, the key to the design strategy of the H2S fluorescence probe relies on the reaction of the probe with hydrogen sulfide including the nucleophilic reaction, Michael addition reaction, reduction of nitro or azide and metal ion complex type [29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. The nucleophilic addition reaction of hydrogen sulfide with a probe triggers the fluorescence recovery through changing the intramolecular charge transfer or blocking the photoinduced electron transfer process. However, this single-nucleophilic reaction is easily interfered by cellular active sulfur sources (cysteine and glutathione), resulting in poor sensing selectivity. Hence, the development of a fluorescent probe based on a BODIPY scaffold that exhibits ratiometric fluorescent intensity change toward H2S with excellent detection selectivity remains a challenge.
In this work, we developed a new ratiometric fluorescence sensor for excellent detection of hydrogen sulfide via the sequential-nucleophilic addition reaction. The BODIPY fluorophore was chosen to implement this strategy due to its good photo-properties in fluorescence sensing and imaging. Importantly, the chlorine substituted in 3-position of BODIPY has been designed to turn-on the fluorescent probe for the monitoring of H2S or bio-thiol based on the nucleophilic reaction. Another critical group which is easily attacked by nucleophilic agent is the aldehyde group. In view of these considerations, we introduced 2-formaldehyde phenyl and chlorine as two reaction sites in 2,3-position of BODIPY dyes to construct the probe BH. As Scheme 1 show, two reaction sites of the probe were continuously attacked by H2S, giving 2,3-position closing-ring products with the molecular π-conjugation expansion, and resulting in the fluorescence emission red-shift from 542 nm to 594 nm. This double nucleophilic reaction of response feature makes the probe display ratiometric fluorescence sensing and high selectivity toward H2S. Finally, the probe is capable of ratiometrically monitoring H2S changes in living cells.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Design and Synthesis of Probe BH

We reported on a ratiometric fluorescent probe based on the BODIPY dye for the monitoring of Zn2+ through regulating the intramolecular charge transfer [36]. Considering the double nucleophilic feature of hydrogen sulfide, two response sites (2-formaldehyde phenyl and chlorine) were introduced into the 2,3-positions of BODIPY fluorophore to design the ratiometric fluorescent probe BH, which achieves a spectral red-shift by expanding the molecular conjugation system after reacting with hydrogen sulfide to form a ring. As shown in Scheme 1, the important compound 3-chloro substituent BOIDPY was easily obtained by the asymmetry BODIPY methods. Iodination reaction with ICI and Suzuki reaction with 2-formaldehyde phenylboronic was subsequently carried out to successfully obtain probe BH in an acceptable yield. The intermediates and probe were fully characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry.

2.2. Spectral Response of Probe BH toward H2S

In testing the solution for DMSO/PBS (v/v, 1:1, pH 7.4), probe BH displays a strong and narrow absorption in the visible region with a peak at 516 nm, which is characterized by BODIPY dyes. After the addition of different concentrations of H2S, the absorption spectrum is obviously red-shifted and accompanied by the maximum absorption peak shifted to 568 nm with the iso-absorption points as 530 nm, reaching saturation at 100 eq. H2S (Figure 1a and Figure S1). This change is accompanied by the color change of the solution from orange to purple. At the same time, the fluorescence spectrum shows the corresponding change. As shown in Figure 1b, probe BH exhibits the strong fluorescence emission with peak at 542 nm. With the gradual addition of H2S, the fluorescence emission band of solution obviously shifts and a new peak at 594 nm was formed. The drastic fluorescence changes in two wavelengths (594 nm and 542 nm) brings about a 18-fold enhancement of intensity ratio from 0.217 to 4.107 in the presence of 500 μM H2S (Figure S2). The fluorescence ratio of a time-dependent probe BH was also studied in the presence of 500 μM H2S and the results are shown in Figure 2. The emission intensity of the probe at both 594 nm and 542 nm reaches a relatively saturated stage within 60 min. In addition, the fluorescence intensity ratio (I594nm/I542nm) of the probe displayed a linear relationship variation in a concentration range of H2S (0–75 µM) (Figure S3). So, the detection limit of the probe toward H2S was calculated as 3.5 µM based on the conventional 3 σ/k method, indicating that BH is sensitive to H2S.

2.3. Response Mechanism Studies

The intensive colorimetric and dual-channel fluorescence with a red-shift change of probe toward hydrogen sulfide led us to explore the response mechanism. 1H-NMR titration and MS spectroscopy were used to investigate the response products. As shown in Figure 3, with the addition of H2S, the disappearance of signal proton of aldehyde hydrogen and the appearance of two new sets of signals at 5.0 and 3.3 ppm indicate that the aldehyde group of the probe undergoes a nucleophilic reaction with H2S. The protons of BODIPY skeleton and 2-phenyl moiety also display high-field shifts, suggesting the binding of S atom to the 3-position of BODIPY. These results are also confirmed by the mass spectrometry of probe BH after the addition of H2S. A mass peak at m/z = 383.1180 in Figure S4 is the mass spectral signal of the response product BH-H2S ([M-H]−, calculated at 383.1199). Hence, the fluorescence ratiometric response of the probe toward H2S is attributed to the formation of ring structure in the BODIPY skeleton derived from the sequential nucleophilic reaction of hydrogen sulfide with the chlorine and benzaldehyde groups of the probe, resulting in enhanced molecular conjugation and rigidity (Scheme 2). Most of reported BODIPY-based H2S probes are single-channel fluorescence Turn-On or OFF mode (Table S1), Our work provides the more reliable two-channel fluorescence change detection of hydrogen sulfide on BODIPY dyes.

2.4. Selectivity and pH Effect

To evaluate the detection selectivity of the probe, various interference species including Ala, Glu, GSH, Cys, Hcy, H2O2, S2O32−, Cl−, Br−, NO2−, SO42−, ClO−, Mg2+ and K+ were treated with the probe in DMSO/PBS (v/v, 1:1, pH 7.4) and results are shown in Figure 4. These species, especially biothiols (Cys/Hcy/GSH), did not cause any significant change in the fluorescence intensity ratio (I594nm/I542nm). On the contrary, only hydrogen sulfide caused significant changes, indicating that the probe displays high selectivity towards hydrogen sulfide over other species. The detection of pH effect on the ratiometric fluorescent response of the probe toward hydrogen sulfide was also investigated. As shown in Figure S5, the probe showed a similar lower fluorescence ratio (I594nm/I542nm) in the absence of H2S, indicating the probe has good spectral stability in a pH range of 4–9. After treatment of H2S, a significant fluorescence ratio change was observed within a pH range of 6.4 to 9. Hence, the probe is suitable for monitoring of hydrogen sulfide in physiological conditions.

2.5. Probe Application in Cellular Imaging

To explore the potential application of the probe in living cells, confocal fluorescence imaging experiments were performed. We first investigated the cytotoxicity of the probe using standard MTT assays. More than 90% of the cells were viable when incubated with a 25 µM probe for 24 h (Figure 5), indicating the very low cytotoxicity of probe. The cellular imaging of the probe was carried out for the monitoring of H2S in living cells. After the probe (5 µM) was incubated in Hela cells for 30 min, there was a strong fluorescent signal in the green channel (510–560 nm), while there was almost no signal in the red channel (570–630 nm). Once the cells were further incubated with H2S (300 µM) in culture medium for 60 min, the fluorescent signal in green channel was weakened while the emission signal in the red channel was significantly enhanced (Figure 6), indicating that the probe is able to monitor intracellular H2S in living cells.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials and Instrumentation

Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals were purchased from commercial sources and used as received without further purification. Solvents of technical quality were distilled prior to use. Double distilled water was used throughout the experiments. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were acquired over a Bruker AV spectrometer operating at 400 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively. Mass spectra were performed with a Micromass GCF TOF spectrometer. UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were obtained at room temperature with Agilent Cary 5000 UV–vis spectrometer and HORIBA Fluorolog-3 spectrophotometer, respectively.

3.2. Preparation of Sample Solutions

A stock solution of probe BH (1.25 mM) was prepared in DMSO. The sample probe (5 μM) solutions was obtained by adding 10 μL of probe stock solution using micro syringes into the 2.5 mL of DMSO/Phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4, 20 mM, v/v 1:1) solution in quartz cuvette (1 cm × 1 cm). H2S solution was prepared by dissolution of NaHS in deionized water. After a certain amount of H2S solution (2.5 mM) was added and after waiting for 60 min, the absorption of the solution was recorded, and the fluorescence spectra was collected under the excitation of 530 nm. All samples and references were freshly prepared under similar conditions.

3.3. Synthesis

Synthesis of compound 2. Three drops of TFA was added to the solution of 5-chloro-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (0.39 g, 3 mmol) and 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrrole (0.36 g, 3 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 (80 mL) under N2. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. Et3N (3 mL) and BF3 Et2O (3 mL) were successively added and the reaction was continually stirred for 2 h. Then, the mixture was washed with brine and an organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography to give compound 2 (0.36 g, 43%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.79 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.43–2.37 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.08 (t, J = 3.6 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 163.9, 140.9, 136.9, 136.0, 135.3, 131.6, 125.4, 122.1, 115.1, 17.2, 14.2, 13.3, 9.4.
Synthesis of compound 3 Compound 2 (0.28 g, 1 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture solution of N, N-dimethylformamide and methanol (5 mL/10 mL). Iodine monochloride (0.19 g, 1.2 mmol) was slowly added dropwise at room temperature and the reaction was stirred for 1 h. Sodium thiosulfate solution (20 mL) was used to quench the reaction and further extracted with dichloromethane (40 mL*2). The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated and further purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain a red solid compound 3 (0.3 g, 74%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 6.92 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.40 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.08 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 166.1, 142.0, 138.9, 136.3, 132.5, 130.3, 120.9, 77.0, 17.3, 14.0, 13.3, 9.4.
Synthesis of probe BH. A solution of compound 3 (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) and compound 4 (32 mg, 0.13 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was bubbled with argon for 10 min, then, Pd(PPh3)4 (7 mg, 6 μmol) and K2CO3 (2 M, 0.2 mL) were added. The mixture was heated at 80 °C for 8 h. After cold to r.t, ethyl acetate (20 mL) and water (10 mL) was poured into the mixture. The organic layer was collected, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain probe BH as an orange solid (32 mg, 68%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 10.06 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.63–7.65 (m, 1H), 7.47–7.52 (m, 2H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.42–2.47 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.12 (t, J = 8Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 192.0, 166.2, 141.7, 136.3, 134.0, 133.7, 131.4, 130.7, 128.2, 127.6, 125.1, 121.8, 17.3, 14.1, 13.6, 9.5; MS (ESI): calculated for C20H18BClF2NaO [M+Na]+ 409.1065, found 409.1060.

3.4. Probe Application in Cellular Imaging

The Hela cells were cultured in Modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. The cell culture medium was replaced with a freshly FBS-free medium including probe BH, and then incubated for 30 min. For the imaging of H2S, the cells were further incubated with H2S (300 µM) for 60 min. Cells were washed three times with PBS buffers prior to imaging. A confocal fluorescence microscope (Olympus FV 1000) was used to collect cellular fluorescence images. The green channel and red channel emissions of the probe were collected in the emission range of 510–560 nm and 570–630 nm with excitation at 488 nm and 543 nm, respectively.

4. Conclusions

In summary, a new BODIPY-based probe with ratiometric fluorescent change for the monitoring of hydrogen sulfide was designed and synthesized. Due to the sequential nucleophilic substitution reactions with hydrogen sulfide at the 2,3-positions of the BODIPY fluorophore, the probe displayed fluorescence ratiometric detection with a red-shift in both the absorption and fluorescence emission. This specific response mechanism was fully characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry and allowed the detection to exhibit excellent selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, the probe exhibited low cytotoxicity and was used to visualize intracellular H2S in living cells. This design strategy based on the enhanced molecular conjugation of the probe through the sequential nucleophilic reaction offers new opportunities for the construction of the ratiometric fluorescent probe toward hydrogen sulfide.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27217499/s1, Table S1: The BODIPY-based fluorescent probes for detection of H2S; Figure S1: The absorption ratio at 568 nm and 516 nm of probe BH (5 μM) toward different concentration of H2S in aqueous solution of DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4); Figure S2: The fluorescence intensity at 568 nm and 516 nm of probe BH (5 µM) toward increasing H2S concentration (0−500 μM) in aqueous solution of DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4); Figure S3: Linear relationship of the fluorescence intensity ratio (I594nm/I542nm) of probe BH toward H2S concentration (0−75 μM); Figure S4: ESI-MS spectrum of reaction product of probe BH with H2S; Figure S5: The fluorescence intensity ratios (I594nm/I542nm) of probe BH (5 μM) in the absence (●) or presence (■) of H2S (500 μM) at various pH values [18,19,20,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,37,38,39,40].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.W.; investigation, H.X., Y.L. (Yanbo Li) and D.L.; data curation, H.X. and T.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, T.Y.; writing—review and editing, J.W. and L.L.; visualization, H.X. and Y.L. (Yanfei Lin); supervision, L.L.; project administration, H.Z. and J.W.; funding acquisition, L.L., H.Z. and J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial (No. LY20B060009), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21606102, 21677060, 22071082) and Jiaxing Public Welfare Research Project (No. 2021AY10070).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

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Molecules 27 07499 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthetic routes of fluorescent probe BH.
Scheme 1. Synthetic routes of fluorescent probe BH.
Molecules 27 07499 sch001
Molecules 27 07499 g001 550
Figure 1. The absorption (a) and fluorescence (b) spectrum changes of probe BH (5 μM) toward different concentration of H2S (0–500 μM) in aqueous solution of DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4), recorded after 60 min.
Figure 1. The absorption (a) and fluorescence (b) spectrum changes of probe BH (5 μM) toward different concentration of H2S (0–500 μM) in aqueous solution of DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4), recorded after 60 min.
Molecules 27 07499 g001
Molecules 27 07499 g002 550
Figure 2. Time-dependent fluorescence specturm changes of probe BH (5 μM) toward H2S (500 μM) in aqueous solution of DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4); inset: fluorescence intensity at 594 nm and 542 nm as a function of detection time.
Figure 2. Time-dependent fluorescence specturm changes of probe BH (5 μM) toward H2S (500 μM) in aqueous solution of DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4); inset: fluorescence intensity at 594 nm and 542 nm as a function of detection time.
Molecules 27 07499 g002
Molecules 27 07499 g003 550
Figure 3. The 1H-NMR titration of probe BH toward H2S in DMSO-d6 (400 MHz), (a) BH; (b) BH + H2S.
Figure 3. The 1H-NMR titration of probe BH toward H2S in DMSO-d6 (400 MHz), (a) BH; (b) BH + H2S.
Molecules 27 07499 g003
Molecules 27 07499 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The proposed sensing mechanism of probe BH responses toward H2S.
Scheme 2. The proposed sensing mechanism of probe BH responses toward H2S.
Molecules 27 07499 sch002
Molecules 27 07499 g004 550
Figure 4. The fluorescence spectrum change (a) and intensity ratios (b) of probe BH (5 μM) in the presence of various species (100 eq.) in DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4), include 1. blank, 2. H2S, 3. Ala, 4. Glu, 5. GSH, 6. Cys, 7. Hcy, 8. H2O2, 9. S2O32−, 10. Br−, 11. NO2−, 12. SO42−, 13. ClO−, 14. Mg2+ and 15. K+, recorded after 60 min.
Figure 4. The fluorescence spectrum change (a) and intensity ratios (b) of probe BH (5 μM) in the presence of various species (100 eq.) in DMSO/PBS (v/v 1/1, pH 7.4), include 1. blank, 2. H2S, 3. Ala, 4. Glu, 5. GSH, 6. Cys, 7. Hcy, 8. H2O2, 9. S2O32−, 10. Br−, 11. NO2−, 12. SO42−, 13. ClO−, 14. Mg2+ and 15. K+, recorded after 60 min.
Molecules 27 07499 g004
Molecules 27 07499 g005 550
Figure 5. Cell viability values (%) estimated by an MTT assay versus incubation concentrations of CT26 cells were cultured in the presence of probe (0–50 μM) at 37 °C for 48 h.
Figure 5. Cell viability values (%) estimated by an MTT assay versus incubation concentrations of CT26 cells were cultured in the presence of probe (0–50 μM) at 37 °C for 48 h.
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Molecules 27 07499 g006 550
Figure 6. Confocal fluorescence images of Hela cells incubated with probe BH (5 μM) in the absence and presence of H2S (300 μM). The ratio image is based on the red channel divided by the green channel. Scale bar: 20 μm.
Figure 6. Confocal fluorescence images of Hela cells incubated with probe BH (5 μM) in the absence and presence of H2S (300 μM). The ratio image is based on the red channel divided by the green channel. Scale bar: 20 μm.
Molecules 27 07499 g006
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Xiang, H.; Ye, T.; Li, Y.; Lin, Y.; Liu, D.; Zhou, H.; Wang, J.; Li, L. A New Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on BODIPY for Highly Selective Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide. Molecules 2022, 27, 7499. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217499

AMA Style

Xiang H, Ye T, Li Y, Lin Y, Liu D, Zhou H, Wang J, Li L. A New Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on BODIPY for Highly Selective Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide. Molecules. 2022; 27(21):7499. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217499

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiang, Huan, Tianqing Ye, Yanbo Li, Yanfei Lin, Dan Liu, Hongwei Zhou, Jianbo Wang, and Lei Li. 2022. "A New Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on BODIPY for Highly Selective Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide" Molecules 27, no. 21: 7499. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217499

APA Style

Xiang, H., Ye, T., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Liu, D., Zhou, H., Wang, J., & Li, L. (2022). A New Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on BODIPY for Highly Selective Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide. Molecules, 27(21), 7499. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217499

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