A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Antioxidant Properties
3. Antimicrobial Activity
3.1. Antibacterial Activity
Species | Extracts/Pure Compounds | Bacterial Species | Antibacterial Activity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. sinensis | Dried leaves Black teas (rize tea and young shoot tea) | S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa | ND | [58] |
Green tea dried leaves | S. mutans, S. sanguinis and S. sobrinus | MIC: >8, 4 and >8 (mg/mL), respectively. | [59] | |
Green tea leaves (MetOH, EtOH, H2O extracts and their crude, ethyl acetate and water fractions) | S. aureus, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. enteritidis, H. alvei | Detected for ethyl acetate fraction for S. aureus and B. cereus | [16] | |
Phenolic extracts form green and black tea leaves infusions | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. wiam | S. aureus and S. epidermidis were the most sensitive tested organisms, and decoction time and method affected antimicrobial activity. | [17] | |
Black and green tea leaves | M. luteus, S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa. | ND activity against the three Gram-negative bacteria. Green teas inhibited all three Gram-positive bacteria with S. aureus being the least susceptible. Black teas inhibited the growth of M. luteus and B. cereus, but not S. aureus. | [61] | |
White, green and black tea (leaf powder) | S. aureus, E. coli and S. enteritidis. | Detected activity against S. aureus. | [18] | |
ND against E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis. | ||||
Green tea demonstrated the best results. | ||||
Dried leaves aqueous extracts | S. epidermidis | Detected additive and synergistic antibacterial activity with antibiotics (highest with erythromycin and cephalexin) against S. epidermidis. | [63] | |
Leaves H2O-EtOH extract | Carbapenem Resistant E. coli | D | [13] | |
Leaf, flower and fruit tea cathecins | B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae | Detected for all photogenes with a minimal concentration of 10 mg/mL. | [64] | |
H2O and H2O-EtOH extracts of black tea and black tea waste | S. aureus, B. cereus, S. flexneri | Detected for all bacterias with aqueous ethanol extracts significantly higher. | [65] | |
Green tea leaves | P. gingivalis, P. intermedia. | D | [62] | |
Gunpowder green tea | P. syringae pv. actinidiae | D | [76] | |
Green tea saponins from seeds | S. aureus, E. coli, 6 Salmonella serovars | D | [75] | |
Tea saponins seeds | S. aureus, E. coli | Detected for both species. Lower pH’s displayed highest activity | [15] | |
Oil | S. aureus, E. coli | D | [66] | |
C. sinensis var sinensis | Green, white and black tea lyophilized infusion | B. cereus, S. Typhimurium, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Salmonella | D | [4] |
C. sinensis var assamica | Green tea infusion | S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, E. coli | All teas inhibited gram-positive better than gram-negative bacteria. | [67] |
Assam tea leaves | S. aureus, V. cholera, P. aeruginosa | D | [68] | |
Green tea powder leaves | S. mitis, S. sanguinis, A. viscosus | Synergistic anti-plaque effect between C. sinensis var. assamica and S. persica L. | [69] | |
C. sinensis var assamica, C. sinensis | Assam tea and Green tea leaves | S. mutans | Assam tea has stronger biofilm inhibition activity against S. mutans | [70] |
C. japonica | Petals MetOH and H2O extracts | L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, E. coli | Gram-negative demonstrated greater inhibition than the gram-positive. | [71] |
Fermented leaves MetOH and EtOH extracts | S. epdermidis, B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, E. coli | Ethanol extracts exhibited higher antimicrobial activity | [33] | |
Encapsulated leaves in gold nanoparticles | B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli | D | [72] | |
C. oleifera, C. reticulata C. sasanqua | Seeds virgin Oils | B. cereus, E. coli | D | [54] |
3.2. Antifungal Activity
3.3. Antiviral Activity
Species | Extracts/Compounds | Viruses | Activity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. sinensis | EGCG | HIV-1 | HIV-1 binding inhibition | [84] |
Infection prevention | [85] | |||
Affects HIV-1 life cycle | [86] | |||
Adenovirus | Virus inactivation | [88] | ||
Epstein-Barr | Virus inactivation | [89] | ||
Influenza A and B | Virus aglutination | [92] | ||
intracellular compartments acidification | [93] | |||
EGCG, ECG | Influenza (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B) | Replication inhibition | [90] | |
Theaflavins | Influenza A and B | Viral HA gene replication inhibition | [91] | |
HSV-1 | Virus inhibition | [98] | ||
Bovine rotavirus | Virus inactivation | [100] | ||
Tea polyphenols | Influenza A and B | Virus inhibition | [94] | |
Tea raw extract | Avian influenza (H5N1) | Virus titers reduction | [95] | |
Prodelphinidin B-2 3′-O-gallate | HSV-2 | Attaching and penetration cell inhibition | [97] |
4. Antitumor Activity
5. (Other) Benefits on Health and Diseases
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
- Pascoa, R.; Teixeira, A.M.; Sousa, C. Antioxidant capacity of Camellia japonica cultivars assessed by near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy. Planta 2019, 249, 1053–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.; Liu, X.; Chen, Z.; Lin, Y.; Wang, S. Comparison of oil content and fatty acid profile of ten new Camellia oleifera cultivars. J. Lipids 2016, 2016, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chitsazan, A. Anti-cancer properties of green tea probed viaquantum mechanics calculations. Orient. J. Chem. 2015, 31, 393–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Granato, D.; Prado-Silva, L.D.; Alvarenga, V.O.; Zielinski, A.A.F.; Bataglion, G.A.; Morais, D.R.d.; Eberlin, M.N.; Sant’Ana, A.d.S. Characterization of binary and ternary mixtures of green, white and black tea extracts by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and modeling of their in vitro antibacterial activity. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 65, 414–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meng, X.H.; Li, N.; Zhu, H.T.; Wang, D.; Yang, C.R.; Zhang, Y.J. Plant resources, chemical constituents, and bioactivities of tea plants from the genus Camellia Section Thea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2019, 67, 5318–5349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mukhtar, H.; Ahmad, N. Tea polyphenols: Prevention of cancer and optimizing health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71, 1698–1702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Anand, J.; Upadhyaya, B.; Rawat, P.; Rai, N. Biochemical characterization and pharmacognostic evaluation of purified catechins in green tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars of India. 3 Biotech. 2015, 5, 285–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bettuzzi, S.; Brausi, M.; Rizzi, F.; Castagnetti, G.; Peracchia, G.; Corti, A. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: A preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 1234–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.K.; Park, H.G.; Kim, C.R.; Lim, H.J.; Cho, K.M.; Choi, J.S.; Shin, D.H.; Shin, E.C. Quality evaluation on use of camellia oil as an alternative method in dried seaweed preparation. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2014, 19, 234–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ma, J.; Ye, H.; Rui, Y.; Chen, G.; Zhang, N. Fatty acid composition of Camellia oleifera oil. J. Verbrauch. Lebensm. 2010, 6, 9–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, Y.; Xing, H.; Chen, X. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the hydrolyzed sasanquasaponins from the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2013, 36, 941–951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mittal, A.; Pate, M.S.; Wylie, R.C.; Tollefsbol, T.O.; Katiyar, S. EGCG down-regulates telomerase in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, leading to suppression of cell viability and induction of apoptosis. Int. J. Oncol. 2004, 24, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thakur, P.; Chawla, R.; Narula, A.; Goel, R.; Arora, R.; Sharma, R.K. Assessment of aquo-ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis against Carbapenem Resistant Escherichia coli: In Vivo Trials in a Murine Model. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016, 79, 273–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, J.-H.; Nam, J.-O.; Kim, J.-Y.; Kim, J.-M.; Paik, H.-D.; Kim, C.-H. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities of partially purified substance(s) from green tea seed. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2006, 15, 672–676. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Du, Y.; Zou, C. Effects of pH on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of tea saponins. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2009, 228, 1023–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erol, N.T.; Sari, F.; Polat, G.; Velioglu, Y.S. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various extracts and fractions of fresh tea leaves and green tea. Tarim. Bilim. Derg. 2009, 15, 371–378. [Google Scholar]
- Dhaouadi, K.; Fattouch, S.; Hamdaoui, M.H. Extraction, identification and quantification of the polyphenols of green and black tunisian tea decoctions commercialized as “Garden of Tea”. Acta Hortic. ISHS 2010, 853, 199–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orak, H.; Yagar, H.; Isbilir, S.; Demirci, A.; Gumus, T. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of white, green and black tea extracts. Acta Aliment. 2013, 42, 379–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nibir, Y.M.; Sumit, A.F.; Akhand, A.A.; Ahsan, N.; Hossain, M.S. Comparative assessment of total polyphenols, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different tea varieties of Bangladesh. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2017, 7, 352–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhebhe, M.; Füller, T.N.; Chipurura, B.; Muchuweti, M. Effect of solvent type on total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of black tea and herbal infusions. Food Anal. Methods 2016, 9, 1060–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zielinski, A.A.F.; Haminiuk, C.W.I.; Alberti, A.; Nogueira, A.; Demiate, I.M.; Granato, D. A comparative study of the phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant activity of different Brazilian teas using multivariate statistical techniques. Food Res. Int. 2014, 60, 246–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leite, K.C.S.; Garcia, L.F.; Lobón, G.S.; Thomaz, D.V.; Moreno, E.K.G.; Carvalho, M.F.; Rocha, M.L.; Santos, W.T.P.; Gil, E.S. Antioxidant activity evaluation of dried herbal extracts: An electroanalytical approach. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2018, 28, 325–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dorkbuakaew, N.; Ruengnet, P.; Pradmeeteekul, P.; Nimkamnerd, J.; Nantitanon, W.; Thitipramote, N. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of Camellia sinensis var. assamica in different leave maturity from Northern Thailand. Int. Food Res. J. 2016, 23, 2291–2295. [Google Scholar]
- Das, A.; Kalita, A.; Raychaiudhuri, U.; Chakraborty, R. Synergistic effect of herbal plant extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in maintain the antioxidant activity of decaffeinated green tea from various parts of Assam. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 56, 5009–5016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Wang, L.; Luo, Y. Composition analysis by UPLC-PDA-ESI (-)-HRMS and antioxidant activity using Saccharomyces cerevisiae model of herbal teas and green teas from Hainan. Molecules 2018, 23, 2550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lv, H.-P.; Dai, W.-D.; Tan, J.-F.; Guo, L.; Zhu, Y.; Lin, Z. Identification of the anthocyanins from the purple leaf coloured tea cultivar Zijuan (Camellia sinensis var. assamica ) and characterization of their antioxidant activities. J. Funct. Foods 2015, 17, 449–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Somsong, P.; Tiyayon, P.; Srichamnong, W. Antioxidant of green tea and pickle tea product, miang, from northern Thailand. Acta Hortic. 2018, 1210, 241–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roshanak, S.; Rahimmalek, M.; Goli, S.A. Evaluation of seven different drying treatments in respect to total flavonoid, phenolic, vitamin C content, chlorophyll, antioxidant activity and color of green tea (Camellia sinensis or C. assamica) leaves. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 53, 721–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yang, K.-M.; Hsu, F.-L.; Chen, C.-W.; Hsu, C.-L.; Cheng, M.-C. Quality characterization and oxidative stability of Camellia seed oils produced with different roasting temperatures. J. Oleo Sci. 2018, 67, 389–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, H.; Li, H.M.; Du, Y.M.; Yan, R.A.; Ou, S.Y.; Chen, T.F.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, L.X.; Fu, L. C-geranylated flavanones from YingDe black tea and their antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities. Food Chem. 2017, 235, 227–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeong, C.-H.; Kim, J.H.; Choi, G.N.; Kwak, J.H.; Kim, D.-O.; Heo, H.J. Protective effects of extract with phenolics from camellia (Camellia japonica) leaf against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2010, 19, 1347–1353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mizutani, T.; Masaki, H. Anti-photoaging capability of antioxidant extract from Camellia japonica leaf. Exp. Dermatol. 2014, 23, 23–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moon, S.H.; Kim, M.Y. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antipancreatic lipase activities of fermented Camellia japonica L leaf extracts. Trop J. Pharm. Res. 2018, 17, 905–912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, B. In Vitro antioxidant activity of Camellia japonica L. Adv. Mat. Res. 2012, 518–523, 5555–5558. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, H.-H.; Cho, J.-Y.; Moon, J.-H.; Park, K.-H. Isolation and identification of antioxidative phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides from Camellia japonica flowers. Hortic Environ. Biotechnol. 2011, 52, 270–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piao, M.J.; Yoo, E.S.; Koh, Y.S.; Kang, H.K.; Kim, J.; Kim, Y.J.; Kang, H.H.; Hyun, J.W. Antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract from flower of Camellia japonica via scavenging of reactive oxygen species and induction of antioxidant enzymes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 2618–2630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Trinh, L.T.P.; Choi, Y.-S.; Bae, H.-J. Production of phenolic compounds and biosugars from flower resources via several extraction processes. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 125, 261–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, P.-C.; Yen, G.-C. Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of tea seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.) oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 779–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, J.; Zhang, Z.; Tian, B.; Hua, Y. Lipophilic phenols partially explain differences in the antioxidant activity of subfractions from methanol extract of camellia oil. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2012, 235, 1071–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, X.; Li, Q.; Du, S.; Zhang, R.; Xu, C. A novel process for the aqueous extraction of oil from Camellia oleifera seed and its antioxidant activity. Grasas Aceites 2013, 64, 407–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, S.; Pan, Y.G.; Zheng, L.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, X.; Ai, B.; Xu, Z.; Sheng, Z. Application of steam explosion in oil extraction of camellia seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.) and evaluation of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid, and antioxidant activities. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019, 7, 1004–1016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, J.-H.; Wub, H.-Y.; Liau, B.-C.; Chang, C.-M.J.; Jong, T.-T.; Wub, L.-C. Identification and evaluation of antioxidants defatted Camellia oleifera seeds by isopropanol salting-out pretreatment. Food Chem. 2010, 121, 1246–1254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, X.Y.; Lin, H.M.; Chen, X.; Xie, J.; Wang, P. Mechanochemical-assisted extraction and antioxidant activities of kaempferol glycosides from Camellia oleifera Abel. meal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 3986–3993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, J.-L.; Nie, S.-P.; Huang, D.-F.; Li, C.; Xie, M.-Y. Extraction of saponin from Camellia oleifera cake and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2012, 47, 1676–1687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, S.; Cheng, H.; Li, X.; Li, T.; Yuan, M.; Zhou, Y.; Ding, C. Effects of extraction methods on antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from camellia seed cake. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2014, 238, 1015–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Z.; Li, X.; Feng, S.; Liu, J.; Zhou, L.; Yuan, M.; Ding, C. Characteristics and bioactivities of different molecular weight polysaccharides from camellia seed cake. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016, 91, 1025–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, W.F.; Wang, C.L.; Ye, F.; Sun, H.P.; Ma, C.Y.; Liu, W.Y.; Feng, F.; Abe, M.; Akihisa, T.; Zhang, J. Chemical constituents of the seed cake of Camellia oleifera and their antioxidant and antimelanogenic activities. Chem. Biodivers. 2018, 15, 1800137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, S.; Cheng, H.; Fu, L.; Ding, C.; Zhang, L.; Yang, R.; Zhou, Y. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Camellia oleifera leaves. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2014, 68, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, D.F.; Zhang, Y.J.; Yang, C.R.; Chen, K.K.; Jiang, H.J. Phenolic antioxidants from green tea produced from Camellia taliensis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 7517–7521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, L.F.; Xu, M.; Zhu, H.T.; Wang, D.; Yang, S.X.; Yang, C.R.; Zhang, Y.J. New flavan-3-ol dimer from green tea produced from Camellia taliensis in the Ai-Lao mountains of Southwest China. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 12170–12176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiou, S.Y.; Ha, C.L.; Wu, P.S.; Yeh, C.L.; Su, Y.S.; Li, M.P.; Wu, M.J. Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities of oil production residues from Camellia tenuifloria. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 29522–29541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, F.; Fei, X. Distribution and antioxidant activities of free, conjugated, and insoluble-bound phenolics from seven species of the genus Camellia. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 2018, 96, 159–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, X.H.; Liu, C.; Fan, R.; Zhu, L.F.; Yang, S.X.; Zhu, H.T.; Wang, D.; Yang, C.R.; Zhang, Y.J. Antioxidative flavan-3-ol dimers from the leaves of Camellia fangchengensis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 247–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feas, X.; Estevinho, L.M.; Salinero, C.; Vela, P.; Sainz, M.J.; Vazquez-Tato, M.P.; Seijas, J.A. Triacylglyceride, antioxidant and antimicrobial features of virgin Camellia oleifera, Camellia reticulata and Camellia sasanqua oils. Molecules 2013, 18, 4573–4587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Q.; Zhang, Y.J.; Yang, C.R.; Xu, M. Phenolic antioxidants from green tea produced from Camellia crassicolumna Var. multiplex. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 586–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steinmann, J.; Buer, J.; Pietschmann, T.; Steinmann, E. Anti-infective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2013, 168, 1059–1073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Furushima, D.; Ide, K.; Yamada, H. Effect of tea catechins on influenza infection and the common cold with a focus on epidemiological/clinical studies. Molecules 2018, 23, 1795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yıldırım, A.; Mavi, A.; Oktay, M.; Kara, A.A.; Algur, O.F.; Bilaloglu, V. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Tilia (Tilia Argentea Desf Ex DC), Sage (Salvia Triloba L.), and black tea (Camellia Sinensis) extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 5030–5034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsai, T.-H.; Tsai, T.-H.; Chien, Y.-C.; Lee, C.-W.; Tsai, P.-J. In vitro antimicrobial activities against cariogenic streptococci and their antioxidant capacities: A comparative study of green tea versus different herbs. Food Chem. 2008, 110, 859–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kiran, S.; Ratho, R.K.; Sharma, P.; Harjai, K.; Capalash, N.; Tiwari, R.P. Effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) on virulence traits of clinical isolates of Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli EPEC P2 1265 strain. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2010, 231, 763–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, E.W.; Soh, E.Y.; Tie, P.P.; Law, Y.P. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of green, black, and herbal teas of Camellia sinensis. Pharm. Res. 2011, 3, 266–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Arbia, L.; Chikhi-Chorfi, N.; Betatache, I.; Pham-Huy, C.; Zenia, S.; Mameri, N.; Drouiche, N.; Lounici, H. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts from four plants on bacterial isolates from periodontitis patients. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2017, 24, 13394–13404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abidi, S.H.; Ahmed, K.; Sherwani, S.K.; Kazmi, S.U. Synergy between antibiotics and natural agents results in increased antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 2015, 9, 925–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rana, A.; Sharma, E.; Rawat, K.; Sharma, R.; Verma, S.; Padwad, Y.; Gulati, A. Screening and purification of catechins from underutilized tea plant parts and their bioactivity studies. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 53, 4023–4032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Üstündağ, Ö.G.; Erşan, S.; Özcan, E.; Özan, G.; Kayra, N.; Ekinci, F.Y. Black tea processing waste as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2016, 242, 1523–1532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shetta, A.; Kegere, J.; Mamdouh, W. Comparative study of encapsulated peppermint and green tea essential oils in chitosan nanoparticles: Encapsulation, thermal stability, in-vitro release, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 126, 731–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kristanti, R.A.; Punbusayakul, N. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of commercial green tea in Chiang Rai. Acta Hortic. 2009, 837, 53–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehrotra, S.; Srivastava, A.K.; Nandi, S.P. Comparative antimicrobial activities of Neem, Amla, Aloe, Assam tea and clove extracts against Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010, 4, 2393–2398. [Google Scholar]
- Abdulbaqi, H.R.; Himratul-Aznita, W.H.; Baharuddin, N.A. Anti-plaque effect of a synergistic combination of green tea and Salvadora persica L. against primary colonizers of dental plaque. Arch. Oral Biol. 2016, 70, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kawarai, T.; Narisawa, N.; Yoneda, S.; Tsutsumi, Y.; Ishikawa, J.; Hoshino, Y.; Senpuku, H. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation using extracts from Assam tea compared to green tea. Arch. Oral Biol. 2016, 68, 73–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.K.; Davidson, P.M.; Chung, H.J. Antibacterial activity in extracts of Camellia japonica L. petals and its application to a model food system. J. Food Prot. 2001, 64, 1255–1260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, T.S.K.; Selvakumar, K.; Hwa, K.Y.; Sami, P.; Kumaresan, M. Biogenic fabrication of gold nanoparticles using Camellia japonica L. leaf extract and its biological evaluation. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8, 1412–1418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.-l.; Li, L.; Sun, T.; Fu, S.J.; Hu, M.Y.; Zhong, G.H. Inhibition of Echinochloa crus galli using bioactive components from the stems and leaves of Camellia oleifera. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2017, 19, 1031–1038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, X.; Li, J.; Bi, F.; Zhu, L.; Ma, Z. Antifungal activities of crude extractum from Camellia semiserrata Chi (Nanshancha) seed cake against Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium italicum in vitro and in vivo fruit test. Plant. Pathol. J. 2015, 31, 414–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Khan, M.I.; Ahhmed, A.; Shin, J.H.; Baek, J.S.; Kim, M.Y.; Kim, J.D. Green tea seed isolated saponins exerts antibacterial effects against various strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, a comprehensive study in vitro and in vivo. Evid-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 2018, 3486106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lovato, A.; Pignatti, A.; Vitulo, N.; Vandelle, E.; Polverari, A. Inhibition of virulence-related traits in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae by gunpowder green tea extracts. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 2362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charkraborty, D.; Charkraborti, S. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antibacterial and antifungal component from methanolic extract of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Res. J. Phythochem. 2010, 4, 78–86. [Google Scholar]
- Hirasawa, M.; Takada, K. Multiple effects of green tea catechin on the antifungal activity of antimycotics against Candida albicans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004, 53, 225–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Archana, S.; Abraham, J. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from fresh green tea, commercial green tea and black tea on pathogens. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 1, 149–152. [Google Scholar]
- Chowdhury, P.; Barooah, A. Tea bioactive modulate innate immunity: In perception to COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 590716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, A.; Kaleem, M.; Ahmed, Z.; Shafiq, H. Therapeutic potential of flavonoids and their mechanism of action against microbial and viral infections—A review. Food Res. Int. 2015, 77, 221–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.; Lee, Y.; Youn, H.; Lee, D.; Kwak, J.; Seong, B.; Lee, J.; Park, S.; Choi, I.; Song, C. Anti-influenza virus activity of green tea by-products in vitro and efficacy against influenza virus infection in chickens. Poult. Sci. 2012, 91, 66–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.-M. Anti-infective potential of catechins and their derivatives against viral hepatitis. Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res. 2018, 7, 37–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Williamson, M.P.; McCormick, T.G.; Nance, C.L.; Shearer, W.T. Epigallocatechin gallate, the main polyphenol in green tea, binds to the T-cell receptor, CD4: Potential for HIV-1 therapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 118, 1369–1374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamza, A.; Zhan, C.G. How can (−)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection? Mechanistic insights from computational modeling and the implication for rational design of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J. Phys. Chem. B Condens. Matter Mater. Surf. Interfaces Biophys. 2006, 110, 2910–2917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yamaguchi, K.; Honda, M.; Ikigai, H.; Hara, Y.; Shimamura, T. Inhibitory effects of (–)-epigallocatechin gallate on the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Antivir. Res. 2002, 53, 19–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Lu, H.; Zhao, Q.; He, Y.; Niu, J.; Debnath, A.K.; Wu, S.; Jiang, S. Theaflavin derivatives in black tea and catechin derivatives in green tea inhibit HIV-1 entry by targeting gp41. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1723, 270–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weber, J.M.; Ruzindana-Umunyana, A.; Imbeault, L.; Sircar, S. Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins. Antivir. Res. 2003, 58, 167–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, L.K.; Wei, T.T.; Chiu, Y.F.; Tung, C.P.; Chuang, J.-Y.; Hung, S.-K.; Li, C.; Liu, S.-T. Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by (–)-epigallocatechin gallate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 301, 1062–1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.; Lee, K.; Seong, B. Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Antivir. Res. 2005, 68, 66–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zu, M.; Yang, F.; Zhou, W.; Liu, A.; Du, G.; Zheng, L. In vitro anti-influenza virus and anti-inflammatory activities of theaflavin derivatives. Antivir. Res. 2012, 94, 217–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakayama, M.; Suzuki, K.; Toda, M.; Okubo, S.; Hara, Y.; Shimamura, T. Inhibition of infectivity of influenza virus by tea polyphenols. Antivir. Res. 1993, 21, 289–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imanishi, N.; Tuji, Y.; Katada, Y.; Maruhashi, M.; Konosu, S.; Mantani, N.; Terasawa, K.; Ochiai, H. Additional inhibitory effect of tea extract on the growth of Influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells. Microbiol. Immunol. 2002, 46, 491–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.-F.; Bai, L.-P.; Huang, W.; Li, X.-Z.; Zhao, S.-S.; Zhong, N.-S.; Jiang, Z.-H. Comparison of in vitro antiviral activity of tea polyphenols against influenza A and B viruses and structure-activity relationship analysis. Fitoterapia 2014, 93, 47–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baatartsogt, T.; Bui, V.; Trinh, D.; Yamaguchi, E.; Gronsang, D.; Thampaisarn, R.; Ogawa, H.; Imai, K. High antiviral effects of hibiscus tea extract on the H5 subtypes of low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2016, 78, 1405–1411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shin, W.-J.; Kim, Y.-K.; Lee, K.-H.; Seong, B.-L. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of a green tea solution as a hand-wash disinfectant. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2012, 76, 581–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cheng, H.; Lin, C.; Lin, T. Antiviral properties of prodelphinidin B-2 3′-O-gallate from green tea leaf. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 2002, 13, 223–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, A.; Prince, D.; Lo, C.-Y.; Lee, L.; Chu, T.-C. Antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus. Antivir. Res. 2015, 118, 56–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Savi, L.A.; Barardi, C.R.; Simoes, C.M. Evaluation of antiherpetic activity and genotoxic effects of tea catechin derivatives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 2552–2557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clark, K.J.; Grant, P.G.; Sarr, A.B.; Belakere, J.R.; Swaggerty, C.L.; Phillips, T.D.; Woode, G.N. An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections. Vet. Microbiol. 1998, 63, 147–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okuda, T.; Yoshida, T.; Hatano, T. Polyphenols from asian plants: Structural diversity and antitumor and antiviral activities. In Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health II; Huang, M.-T., Ho, C.-T., Lee, C.-Y., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 1992; pp. 160–183. [Google Scholar]
- Suganuma, M.; Okabe, S.; Kai, Y.; Sueoka, N.; Sueoka, E.; Fujiki, H. Synergistic effects of (2)-epigallocatechin gallate with (2)-epicatechin, sulindac, or tamoxifen on cancer-preventive activity in the human lung cancer cell line PC-91. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 44–47. [Google Scholar]
- Mimoto, J.; Kiura, K.; Matsuo, K.; Yoshino, T.; Takata, I.; Ueoka, H.; Kataoka, M.; Harada, M. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate can prevent cisplatin-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 2000, 21, 915–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sartippour, M.R.; Pietras, R.; Marquez-Garban, D.C.; Chen, H.W.; Heber, D.; Henning, S.M.; Sartippour, G.; Zhang, L.; Lu, M.; Weinberg, O.; et al. The combination of green tea and tamoxifen is effective against breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2006, 27, 2424–2433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roy, A.M.; Baliga, S.M.; Katiyar, S.K. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces apoptosis in estrogen receptor–negative human breast carcinoma cells via modulation in protein expression of p53 and Bax and caspase-3 activation. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2005, 4, 81–90. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, Y.W.; Bae, S.M.; Lee, J.M.; Namkoong, S.E.; Han, S.J.; Lee, B.R.; Lee, I.P.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, Y.J.; Kim, C.K.; et al. Activity of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate against ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. Treat. 2004, 36, 315–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.-F.; Han, Y.-Y.; Di, T.-M.; Gao, L.-P.; Xia, T. Triterpene saponins from tea seed pomace (Camellia oleifera Abel) and their cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells in vitro. Nat. Prod. Res. 2019, 23, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalho, M.; Jerónimo, C.; Valentão, P.; Andrade, P.B.; Silva, B.M. Green tea: A promising anticancer agent for renal cell carcinoma. Food Chem. 2010, 122, 49–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, X.; Ning, Y. Antioxidant and antitumor activities of the polysaccharide from seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel. Int J. Biol Macromol. 2012, 51, 364–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, X. Bioactivities of water-soluble polysaccharides from fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel: Antitumor and antioxidant activities. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 87, 2198–2201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, T.; Zhang, H.; Wu, C.-E. Screening of antioxidant and antitumor activities of major ingredients from defatted Camellia oleifera seeds. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2014, 23, 873–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaikul, P.; Sripisut, T.; Chanpirom, S.; Sathirachawan, D.K.N. Melanogenesis inhibitory and antioxidant effects of Camellia oleifera seed oil. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2017, 7, 473–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thao, N.T.; Hung, T.M.; Lee, M.K.; Kim, J.C.; Min, B.S.; Bae, K. Triterpenoids from Camellia japonica and their cytotoxic activity. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2010, 58, 121–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ouyang, X.-L.; Yang, L.; Huang, L.; Pan, Y.-M. Antitumor activity on human bladder cancer T-24 cells and composition analysis of the core of Camellia osmantha fruit. Nat. Prod. Res. 2020, 34, 2689–2693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Negishi, H.; Xu, J.-W.; Ikeda, K.; Njelekela, M.; Nara, Y.; Yamori, Y. Black and green tea polyphenols attenuate blood pressure increases in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 38–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Potenza, M.A.; Marasciulo, F.L.; Tarquinio, M.; Tiravanti, E.; Colantuono, G.; Federici, A.; Kim, J.A.; Quon, M.J.; Montagnani, M. EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure, and protects against myocardial I/R injury in SHR. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 292, 1378–1387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, X.; Tang, L.; Lin, H.; Wang, Y.; Feng, B. Flavonoids from seeds of Camellia semiserrata Chi. and their estrogenic activity. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2008, 72, 2428–2431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miura, T.; Koike, T.; Ishida, T. Antidiabetic activity of green tea (Thea sinensis L.) in genetically type 2 diabetic mice. Health Sci. J. 2005, 51, 708–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, S.; Li, X. Hypoglycemic activity in vitro of polysaccharides from Camellia oleifera Abel. seed cake. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 115, 811–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nagao, T.; Hase, T.; Tokimitsu, I. A Green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans. Obesity 2007, 15, 1473–1483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, K.K.; Wong, H.L.; Hu, T.; Zhang, C.; Han, X.Q.; Ye, C.X.; Leung, P.C.; Cheng, B.H.; Ko, C.H. Impacts of Camellia kucha and its main chemical components on the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 51, 2546–2555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, C.-M.; Huang, J.-H.; Chiang, H.-S.; Wu, W.-B.; Lin, H.-H.; Hong, J.-Y.; Hung, C.-F. Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on RPE cell migration and adhesion. Mol. Vis. 2010, 16, 586–595. [Google Scholar]
- Levites, Y.; Amit, T.; Mandel, S.; Youdim, M.B.H. Neuroprotection and neurorescue against Aβ toxicity and PKC-dependent release of non-amyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. FASED J. 2003, 17, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yoon, I.S.; Park, D.H.; Kim, J.E.; Yoo, J.C.; Bae, M.S.; Oh, D.S.; Shim, J.H.; Choi, C.Y.; An, K.W.; Kim, E.I.; et al. Identification of the biologically active constituents of Camellia japonica leaf and anti-hyperuricemic effect in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2017, 39, 1613–1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jeon, H.; Kim, J.Y.; Choi, J.K.; Han, E.; Song, C.L.; Lee, J.; Cho, Y.S. Effects of the extracts from fruit and stem of Camellia japonica on induced pluripotency and wound healing. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, R.-Y.; Tung, Y.-T.; Chen, S.-Y.; Lee, Y.-L.; Yen, G.-C. Protective effects of camellia oil (Camellia brevistyla) against indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal mucosal damage in vitro and in vivo. J. Funct. Foods 2019, 62, 103539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, M.; Son, D.; Shin, S.; Park, D.; Byun, S.; Jung, E. Protective effects of Camellia japonica flower extract against urban air pollutants. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2019, 19, 30–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Chen, Q.; Luo, X.; Dai, T.; Lu, B.; Shen, J. Mutagenicity and safety evaluation of the water extract of Camellia oleifera Abel. J. Food Sci. 2011, 76, 84–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Yu, B.; He, J.; Yu, J.; Luo, Y.-H.; Luo, J.-Q.; Mao, X.-B.; Chen, D.-W. The toxicological effect of dietary excess of saccharicterpenin, the extract of camellia seed meal, in piglets. J. Integr. Agric. 2020, 19, 211–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Species | Extracts/Compounds | Methods * | Range ** | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. sinensis | Seeds (S) and Leaves (L) aqueous extracts and eluted fractions F1-F3 | TPC | 18.9(S-F1)-25.0(S-F3)-26.2(S)-141.8(S-F2)-234.3(L) mg GAE/g | [14] |
DPPH | 93.3(S-F2)-70.3(L)-15.9(S-F3)-15.8(S)-14.8(S-F1) % | |||
Seeds tea saponin | H2O2 scavenging | 27.6 ± 1.4(pH = 4.8)//8.9 ± 0.4(H2O)//20.5 ± 1.0(pH = 8.0) % | [15] | |
Leaves extracts (MetOH/EtOH; H2O) of Green (G) and Fresh (F) tea and eluted fractions: Ethyl Acetate-F1;Water-F2 | TPC | G:481.8 ± 9.48(MetF1)//560.8 ± 11.99(EtOHF1)//70.2 ± 3.68(H2OF1) mg GAE/g § | [16] | |
F:523.7 ± 31.92(MetF1)//680.2 ± 4.44(EtOHF1)//615.8 ± 5.98(H2OF1) mg GAE/g § | ||||
DPPH | G:70.8 ± 2.28(MetF1)//64.8 ± 1.76(EtOHF1)//78.6 ± 1.66(H2OF1) 100 g AEAA/g § | |||
F:74.1 ± 2.19(MetF1)//79.3 ± 0.92(EtOHF1)//80.8 ± 0.13(H2OF1) 100 g AEAA/g § | ||||
Black (B) and Green (G) tea | TPC | B:99 ± 11 to 953 ± 40//G:218 ± 20 to 1388 ± 52 mg GA/100 mL §§ | [17] | |
ABTS | B:499 to 3637//G:977 to 4975 mg Trolox/100 mL §§ | |||
Black (B), Green (G) and White (W) tea | TPC | B:161.8 ± 0.73//G:313.3 ± 1.41//W:245.3 ± 1.41 μg GAE/mg | [18] | |
TFC | B:15.91 ± 0.06//G:16.98 ± 0.27//W:12.57 ± 0.19 μg QE/mg | |||
TTC | B:34.38 ± 0.44//G:266.792.59//W:211.14 ± 1.34 μg TA/mg | |||
Black (BOP-broken orange pekoe, FBOP-flowery BOP, RD-red dust); Green(G) tea | TPC | G:26.33 ± 1.73//BOP:8.84 ± 0.5//FBOP:6.78 ± 0.55//RD:8.20 ± 0.49 mg GAE/g | [19] | |
TFC | G:50.12 ± 0.60//BOP:17.7 ± 0.82//FBOP:13.93 ± 1.08//RD:19.12 ± 0.33 mg CAT/g | |||
Black tea extracts: E1-H2O; E2-MetOH; E3-EtOH; E4-EtOH (50%); E5-Acetone; E6-Acetone (50%); E7-EthylAcetate | TPC | E1~7.5//E2~4.5//E3~2.5//E4~7//E5~2//E6~8//E7~15 g/100 g GAE | [20] | |
DPPH | E1:0.042 ± 0.001//E2:0.009 ± 0.003//E3:0.05 ± 0.010//E4:0.014 ± 0.003//E5:0.064 ± 0.020//E6:0.003 ± 0.040//E7:0.047 ± 0.010 g/mL | |||
Tea bag samples | TPC | 1034.48 ± 416.24 mg GAE/L | [21] | |
DPPH | 68.60 ± 22.40% | |||
FRAP | 10,331.19 ± 4802.91 μM TEAC/L | |||
Dried leaves extracts | TPC | 3.5 ± 0.6 μM | [22] | |
DPPH | 1.93 ± 0.03 mg/mL | |||
ABTS | 10.70 ± 1.87 μg/mL | |||
C. sinensis var assamica | Green tea extracts: E1-MetOH; E2-Acetone; E3-H2O | TPC | E1:18.32 ± 0.357//E2:0.79 ± 0.020//E3:2.62 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g | [7] |
TFC | E1:16.25 ± 0.030//E2:28.75 ± 0.010//E3:17.05 ± 0.007 mg CAT/g | |||
DPPH | E1:75.30 ± 0.011//E2:75.00 ± 0.053//E3:80.10 ± 0.003% | |||
EtOH-E1, Acetone-E2 and H2O-E3 leaves extracts: Tea Shots (TS), Young (Y), Mature (M) | TPC | E1-TS:65.26 ± 0.92//E2-Y:49.89 ± 0.67//E2-M:39.35 ± 2.13 mg GAE/g § | [23] | |
TFC | E1-TS:36.36 ± 19.28//E1-Y:34.30 ± 29.88//E2-M:57.30 ± 16.68 mg QE/g § | |||
DPPH | E1-TS:31.39 ± 3.04//E3-Y:30.18 ± 1.76//E2-M:25.40 ± 1.21 mg TEAC/g § | |||
ABTS | E3-TS:36.87 ± 0.13//E3-Y:36.93 ± 0.09//E2-M:36.80 ± 0.04 mg TEAC/g § | |||
FRAP | E2-TS:1.698 ± 0.014//E1-Y:1.751 ± 0.065//E2-M:1.938 ± 0.067 mg TEAC/g § | |||
Leaves Decaffeinated (D) and Caffeinated (C) Green tea Extracts (E1-hot H2O and E2-EthylAcetate) # | TPC | E1:123.4 ± 13.13(D);143.8 ± 7.19(C)//E2:128.47 ± 7.23(D);185.5 ± 7.57(C) mg GAE/g | [24] | |
TFC | E1:14.87 ± 0.39(D);29.3 ± 1.26(C)//E2:10.62 ± 0.53(D);43.5 ± 2.1(C) mg QE/g | |||
DPPH | E1:996.1 ± 19.12(D);1403.07 ± 60.13(C)//E2:1124.2 ± 13.5(D);1449.7 ± 72.4(C) mM TEAC/g | |||
FRAP | E1:1165 ± 31.2(D);1587.1 ± 79.35(C)//E2:1141 ± 41.2(D);1623.4 ± 81.17(C) mM TE/g | |||
Green tea extracts: W-water and R-resin and corresponding fractions (F1,F2) | TPC | 326.55 ± 3.21(W)//551.12 ± 5.24(R)//659.83 ± 1.71(F1)//669.55 ± 4.74(F2) mg GAE/g | [25] | |
TFC | 556.82 ± 26.48(W)//782.37 ± 9.79(R)//974.22 ± 5.31(F1)//960.15 ± 5.87(F2) mg RE/g | |||
DPPH | 4.71 ± 0.15(W)//4.57 ± 0.09(R)//12.25 ± 1.76(F1)//4.13 ± 0.70(F2) μg/mL | |||
HO• scavenging | 2.15 ± 0.13(W)//1.81 ± 0.40(R)//1.58 ± 0.24(F1)//1.44 ± 0.08(F2) mg/mL | |||
Purple leaves of Zijuan tea | DPPH | ~65–82% | [26] | |
ABTS | ~6–18% | |||
FRAP | ~60–190 μmol/L | |||
CAA | ~18–24 μmol QE/100mg | |||
Tea shoots (TS), Mature (M) leaves, Green tea (G) | TPC | 260.07 ± 13.10(TS)//219.31 ± 19.89(M)//246.62 ± 1.36(G) mgGAE/gDW | [27] | |
FRAP | 3714.93 ± 48.12(TS)//3001.85 ± 51.7(M)//3171.07 ± 13.83(G) μmol TEAC/gDW | |||
ORAC | 3950.08 ± 98.15(TS)//3202.65 ± 50.26(M)//3074.84 ± 17.11(G) μmol TEAC/gDW | |||
Green tea | TPC | 50.79 (fresh leaves) to 209.17 (oven 60 °C) mg/g §§ | [28] | |
TFC | 14.30(microwave) to 38.18(oven 100 °C) mg/g §§ | |||
DPPH | 167.17(oven 60 °C) to 505.50(microwave) μg/mL §§ | |||
Mistletoes Soluble (SP) and Insoluble-Bound (IBP) Phenolics | TPC | 8.65–9.91(SP)//3.95–4.59(IBP) μmol FAE/g | [29] | |
TFC | 0.93–3.05(SP)//0.10–0.30(IBP) μmol CAT/g | |||
FRAP | 42.25 ± 1.49(SP)//8.07 ± 0.75(IBP) μmol FAE/g | |||
H2O2 scavenging | 1429.34 ± 7.69(SP)//1383.79 ± 3.33 μmol FAE/g | |||
DPPH | 2.19 ± 0.11(SP)//1.51 ± 0.07(IBP) μmol FAE/g | |||
ABTS | 81.03 ± 0.90(SP)//5.78 ± 1.24(IBP) μmol TEAC/g | |||
Leaves 12 C-geranylated flavanones from YingDe black tea | DPPH | 6.2 ± 0.07 to >200 μg/mL §§ | [30] | |
α-glucosidase | 10.2 ± 0.04 to 89.7 ± 0.09 μM §§ | |||
C. japonica | Leaves H2O extract (Extract concentration) | DPPH | 37.9 (125 μg/mL)//63.1(250 μg/mL)//91.9(500 μg/mL)//92.2(1000 μg/mL) % | [31] |
FRAP | 0.95(EC = 1000 μg/mL) | |||
Leaves etanolic extracts | TPC | 22.4 ± 1.0 to 147.9 ± 2.9 mg GAE/g dry leaf §§ | [1] | |
TFC | 10.4 ± 1.1 to 75.1 ± 4.1 mg CAT/g dry leaf §§ | |||
ABTS | 18.7 ± 0.6 to 93.1 ± 2.3 mM TEAC/g dry leaf §§ | |||
Leaves 1,3-butylene glycol extracts: Mature-F1 and Green leaves-F2 | H2O2 scavenging | F1 = 3.489 ± 0.623//F2 = 0.878 ± 0.152 mg/mL | [32] | |
HO• scavenging | F1 = 0.163 ± 0.008//F2 = 0.079 ± 0.007 mg/mL | |||
Leaves methanol-E1 and ethanol-E2 fermentad extracts | TPC | E1 = 27791 ± 336//E2 = 32274 ± 240 mg GAE/100 g | [33] | |
TFC | E1 = 19,273 ± 416//E2 = 20519 ± 291 mg RE/100 g | |||
TCC | E1 = 1711 ± 24//E2 = 1586 ± 15 mg/100 g | |||
AAC | E1 = 491 ± 31//E2 = 258 ± 25 mg AA/100 g | |||
DPPH | E1 = 0.23 ± 0.004//E2 = 0.22 ± 0.003 mg/mL | |||
Superoxide | E1 = 0.33 ± 0.03//E2 = 0.23 ± 0.02 mg/mL | |||
H2O2 | E1 = 0.36 ± 0.01//E2 = 0.28 ± 0.01 mg/mL | |||
NO | E1 = 0.35 ± 0.01//E2 = 0.35 ± 0.01 mg/mL | |||
Stems + leaves acetone-E1 and MetOH-E2 extracts | DPPH | E1 = 246.56//E2 = 320.17 μg/mL | [34] | |
β-carotene-linoleic acid | E1 = 258.19//E2 = 396.88 μg/mL | |||
Flower extracts fractions: H2O-F1, EtOAc-F2, BuOH-F3, CHCl3-F4, n-hexane-F5 | DPPH | F1 = 34.5//F2 = 18.0//F3 = 73.2//F4 = >250//F5 = > 250 μg/mL | [35] | |
Flower EtOH extracts (Concentration) | DPPH | 28(6.25 μg/mL)//49(12.5 μg/mL)//58(25 μg/mL)//60(50 μg/mL) % | [36] | |
Flower extracts (organic solvents and hydrolitic enzymes) | TPC | 56.7–107.6 mg GAE/g | [37] | |
DPPH | 410.8–768.6 μmol TEAC/g | |||
C. oleifera | Seed oil extracts: MetOH-E1; acetone-E2; ethyl acetate-E3; acetonitrile-E4 | DPPH | E1:66.50 ± 1.08//E2:4.46 ± 1.17//E3:5.92 ± 1.62//E4:0.4 ± 0.96% | [38] |
ABTS | E1:59.21 ± 4.72//E2:10.42 ± 3.25//E3:12.53 ± 3.24//E4:2.32 ± 0.75 µM | |||
Seed oil MetOH extract-E1 and Fractions: Benzene-F1; Ether-F2; EtOAc-F3; n-BuOH-F4; Water-F5 | TPC | E1:79.5 ± 10.2 mg of p-hydroxybenzoic acid equivalent/kg oil | [39] | |
TFC | E1:8.98 ± 0.54 mg of rutin equivalent/kg oil | |||
DPPH | E1:52.37 ± 6.5//F1:28.41 ± 2.2//F2:17.42 ± 1.7//F3:43.17 ± 3.2/F4:283.11 ± 12.7//F5:676.73 ± 23.1 µg/mL | |||
Seed oil aqueous and organic extract | DPPH | Aqueous: 2.27 ± 0.05//Organic: 3.31 ± 0.07 mg/mL | [40] | |
Seed oil: with/without steam explosion | DPPH | With:24.65 ± 1.23//Without:29.74 ± 1.09 mg/mL | [41] | |
Defatted sedds extracts: Isopropanol-E1; Butanol-E2 | ABTS | E1:287.5 ± 7.5//E2:285.0 ± 2.5 mg/g | [42] | |
ORAC | E1:446.7 ± 5.2//E2:53.4 ± 4.7 mg/g | |||
Seed cake kaempferol glycosides | DPPH | MCAE:0.0850//HRE:0.1012 mg/mL | [43] | |
Seed cake saponins | DPPH | 3866 ± 3 µg/mL | [44] | |
Phentriol oxidation | 4744 ± 2 µg/mL | |||
Metal chelating | 2389 ± 2 µg/mL | |||
Seed cake purified polysaccharides: COP-H, COP-U, COP-E, COP-A | DPPH | COP-H = 0.37//COP-U = 0.45//COP-E = 0.32//COP-A = 0.42 mg/mL | [45] | |
Seed cake polysaccharides: COP-1, COP-2, COP-3, COP-4, COP-c | DPPH | COP-1 = 3.35//COP-2 = 0.94//COP-3 = 1.28//COP-4 = 3.67//COP-c = 1.55 mg/mL | [46] | |
HO•scavenging | COP-1 = 1.25//COP-2 = 0.79//COP-3 = 1.11//COP-4 = 3.32//COP-c = 2.58 mg/mL | |||
Seed cake pomace EtOH extract-E1 and fractions: AcOEt-F1; BuOH-F2 | DPPH | E1 = 9.613 ± 0.521//F1 = 0.287 ± 0.032//F2 = 2.029 ± 0.232µg/mL | [47] | |
Leaves polysaccharides fractions: F1,F2,F3 | Iron chelating | F1 = 3.19//F2 = 2.21//F3 = 2.15 mg/mL | [48] | |
DPPH | F1 = 1.69//F2 = 0.86//F3 = 1.27 mg/mL | |||
HO• scavenging | F1 = 3.68//F2 = 1.29//F3 = 2.80 mg/mL | |||
C. taliensis | Phenolic compunds from leaves | DPPH | 8.2 ± 0.9 to 203 ± 1 μM §§ | [49] |
Leaf flavan-3-ol dimer | DPPH | 3.0 ± 0.1μM | [50] | |
ABTS | 21.2 ± 0.9μM | |||
C. tenuifloria | Fruit-F, Seed-S and Pomace-P extract-E and MetOH-M, ButOH-B and H2O-A fractions | TPC | FE:107.37 ± 3.54//FM:266.79 ± 1.85//FB:129.13 ± 2.55//FA:51.85 ± 3.16 mgGAE/g | [51] |
SE:91.42 ± 1.47//SM:266.30 ± 7.29//SB:106.95 ± 3.09//SA:88.90 ± 5.71 mgGAE/g PE:62.40 ± 3.26//PM:120.56 ± 2.16//PB:43.34 ± 0.27//PA:6.26 ± 1.6 mgGAE/g | ||||
DPPH | FE:19.74 ± 0.19//FM:7.34 ± 0.89//FB:13.18 ± 0.75//FA:27.25 ± 1.30 μg/mL | |||
SE:14.30 ± 1.01//SM:5.47 ± 0.28//SB:15.55 ± 0.10//SA:5.82 ± 0.09 μg/mL PE:84.96 ± 2.75//PM:14.38 ± 0.23//PB:170.99 ± 16.69//PA:218.03 ± 23.12 μg/mL | ||||
C. vietnamensis C. polyodontia C. octopetala C. meiocarpa C. semiserrata C. chekiangoleosa C. oleífera | Free-FP, Conjugated-CP and Insoluble-Bound-IBP phenolic acids from Seeds: Kernel-K and Shell-S | TPC | C. oleifera:14.40 ± 0.10FP-K//C. semiserrata:10.35 ± 0.08FP-S// C. vietnamensis:11.78 ± 0.09CP-K;11.24 ± 0.08IBP-K //C. meiocarpa:7.59 ± 0.05CP-S//C. chekiangoleosa:9.28 ± 0.10IBP-S mg GAE/g § | [52] |
ABTS | C. octopetala:45.21 ± 6.66FP-K// C. semiserrata:69.61 ± 8.79FP-S; 32.57 ± 5.65CP-K//C. meiocarpa:43.16 ± 7.2CP-S//C. vietnamensis:89.35 ± 4.37IBP-K//C. chekiangoleosa:54.21 ± 8.64IBP-S % § | |||
FRAP | C. meiocarpa:3.83 ± 0.12FP-K//C. semiserrata:2.75 ± 0.27FP-S//C. vietnamensis:3.74 ± 0.18CP-K;2.43 ± 0.24CP-S;3.36 ± 0.28IBP-S//C. chekiangoleosa:3.36 ± 0.33IBP-K ×10 μmol TEAC kg−1FW § | |||
C. fangchengensis | Leaf favan-3-ol dimer | DPPH | 32.0 ± 0.5 μM | [53] |
ABTS | 109.3 ± 4.9 μM | |||
C. reticulata C, oleifera C. sasanqua | Virgin oils | DPPH | C. reticulata:33.48 ± 7.65//C. oleifera:35.20 ± 4.95//C. sasanqua:54.87 ± 8.78 μg/mL | [54] |
C. crassicolumna | Phenolic compunds from leaves | DPPH | 8.9 ± 0.4 to 1039 ± 49 μM §§ | [55] |
Species | Extracts/Compounds | Activity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
C. sinensis | EGCG | Systolic and diastolic pressure decrease in rats | [115] |
Infarct size reduction and improved cardiac function in rats | [116] | ||
Inhibition of cell migration and eyes diseases protection | [122] | ||
Protection and rescue of PC12 cells against the β-amyloid toxicity | [123] | ||
Green tea leaves extracts | Reduction of blood glucose in hyperinsulinemia rats | [118] | |
Decrease in systolic blood pressure, LDL, body weight and fat mass, index waist and hip size in men and women | [120] | ||
C. semiserrata | Seeds EtOH extracts | Anti-osteoporotic effect | [117] |
Hydrolysed sasanquasaponins from the defatted seeds | anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines | [11] | |
C. oleifera | Seed cake polyssacharides | Increase of glucose uptake by HepG2 cells | [119] |
Saccharicterpenin | Improvement of liver glutathione peroxidase till 500 mg.kg−1 | [129] | |
C. kucha | Leaves extracts | Decrease in lipid droplet accumulation | [121] |
C. japonica | Leaves extracts | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity in vitro and in vivo | [124] |
Fruit an steam extracts | Induction of pluripotent stem cell generation and promotion of effective wound healing in mouse and human | [125] | |
Flower extracts | Extracts were able to stop urban air pollutants-induced ROS generation and matrixmetalloproteinase-1 | [127] | |
C. brevistyla | Oil | Protective effect against indomethacin induced gastrointestinal mucosal damage in vitro and in vivo | [126] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Teixeira, A.M.; Sousa, C. A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species. Molecules 2021, 26, 2178. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082178
Teixeira AM, Sousa C. A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species. Molecules. 2021; 26(8):2178. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082178
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeixeira, Ana Margarida, and Clara Sousa. 2021. "A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species" Molecules 26, no. 8: 2178. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082178