Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine at Fe3O4/SPEEK Modified Electrode
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/SPEEK
2.1.1. UV–Visible Study
2.1.2. FTIR Study
2.1.3. XRD Study
2.1.4. SEM Study
2.2. Electrochemical Characterization
2.2.1. Electrochemical Characterization of Electrodes
2.2.2. Scan Rate Study at SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK Electrode
2.2.3. Electrocatalysis of Dopamine
2.2.4. Scan Rate Study on Dopamine
2.3. Electro-Analysis of DA
Concentration Study of DA
2.4. Analytical Application of the Proposed Sensor for Determination of DA in Pharmaceutical Sample
2.5. Repeatability and Stability Study for Fe3O4/SPEEK
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Preparation of Plant Leaf Extract
3.2. Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
3.3. Preparation of SPEEK Polymer
3.4. Synthesis of Iron Oxide/SPEEK Nanocomposites
3.5. Characterization of Nanomaterials Synthesized
3.6. Electrode Modification and Electrochemical Studies
3.7. Preparation of Real Sample for Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Electrode | Ipa (μA) | Ipc (μA) | Ipa/Ipc | Epa (V) | Epc (V) | E1/2 (V) | ΔEp (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bare-SPCE | 16.40 | −16.97 | −0.26 | 0.36 | −0.16 | 0.10 | 0.52 |
SPCE-Fe3O4NPs | 7.99 | −40.56 | −0.11 | 0.42 | −0.14 | 0.14 | 0.56 |
SPCE-SPEEK | 54.48 | −32.69 | −1.67 | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.09 |
SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK | 17.93 | −15.18 | −1.18 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.11 |
Dopamine | Ipa (μA) | Ipc (μA) | Ipa/Ipc | Epa (V) | Epc (V) | E1/2 (V) | ΔEp (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bare-SPCE | 19.78 | −1.12 | −17.66 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.17 |
SPCE-Fe3O4NPs | 12.56 | 0.51 | 24.63 | 0.66 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.57 |
SPCE-SPEEK | 42.00 | −25.33 | −1.66 | 0.48 | −0.04 | 0.22 | 0.52 |
SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK | 20.94 | −14.13 | −1.48 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.28 |
Modified Electrode | Methods | Linear Range (μM) | Analyte | LoD (μM) | R2 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ppy/Ferro-cyanide/carbon paste electrode | LSV | 100–1200 | DA | 38.6 | 0.9984 | [47] |
DPV | 200–950 | DA | 15 | 0.9998 | ||
Au/Ppy/Ag/GCE | Amperometry | 100–5000 | DA | 50 | [48] | |
p-Sulphonatocalix [6]arene/polypyrrole | 75–1000 | DA | 20 | [49] | ||
PoPD/E-RGO/GCE | 10–400 | DA | 7.5 | [50] | ||
SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK | SWV | 5–50 | DA | 7.1 | 0.9831 | This work |
Sample | Added (μM) | Detected (μM) | Recovery (%) | RSD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dopamine HCl-Fresenius 200 mg/5 mL injection | 40 | 39.97 | 99.9 | 3.90 |
80 | 80.01 | 100 | 0.05 | |
120 | 119.4 | 99.9 | 0.12 |
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Ranku, M.N.; Uwaya, G.E.; Fayemi, O.E. Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine at Fe3O4/SPEEK Modified Electrode. Molecules 2021, 26, 5357. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175357
Ranku MN, Uwaya GE, Fayemi OE. Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine at Fe3O4/SPEEK Modified Electrode. Molecules. 2021; 26(17):5357. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175357
Chicago/Turabian StyleRanku, Mogomotsi N., Gloria E. Uwaya, and Omolola E. Fayemi. 2021. "Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine at Fe3O4/SPEEK Modified Electrode" Molecules 26, no. 17: 5357. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175357