Assessment of the Efficacy of Olive Leaf (Olea europaea L.) Extracts in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer Using In Vitro Cell Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. HPLC Analysis of Aqueous OL Extract
2.2. Cytotoxicity of AOLs on Cell Lines
2.3. AOL Extract Significantly Suppressed the Cell Cycle Progression in the HT29 Cell Line
2.4. Cell Migration Assay
2.5. AOL Extract Alters Cell Morphology
2.6. DNA Fragmentation Induced by Olive Leaf Extract
2.7. Determination of the Expression of Genes Related to Apoptosis
2.8. Effects of AOL Extract on the Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Parameters
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material Collection and Processing
4.2. Extract Preparation
4.3. HPLC Analysis of Aqueous Olive Leaf Extract
4.4. Cell Culture
4.5. Cytotoxicity Assay (MTT Assay)
4.6. Cell Cycle Distribution Analysis
4.7. Migration Assay
4.8. Assessment of Morphological Changes
4.9. DNA Fragmentation Assay
4.10. Gene Expression Analysis
4.11. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Determination
4.11.1. Cells Supernatant Preparation
4.11.2. Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA)
4.11.3. Determination of Protein Carbonyl Content
4.11.4. Determination of Glutathione (GSH) Content
4.11.5. Determination of Catalase (CAT) Content
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Plant Extract | Aqueous Olive Leaf Extract (AOLs) | |
---|---|---|
Polyphenol Compounds | Retention Time (min) | Quantification (µg/g) |
Gallic acid | 3.117 | 4152.31 |
Chlorogenic acid | 3.791 | 16111.86 |
Catechin | 4.249 | 73.79 |
Methyl gallate | 4.945 | 27.95 |
Caffeic acid | 5.174 | 205.77 |
Syringic acid | 5.987 | 229.79 |
Pyro catechol | 6.400 | 87.82 |
Rutin | 7.062 | 1558.40 |
Ellagic acid | 7.533 | 1544.58 |
Coumaric acid | 8.141 | 362.44 |
Vanillin | 8.898 | 74.47 |
Ferulic acid | 9.702 | 819.82 |
Naringenin | 9.913 | 1817.55 |
Taxifolin | 12.085 | 87.23 |
Cinnamic acid | 13.193 | 1.49 |
Kaempferol | 13.627 | 11.09 |
Total polyphenolic content | 27,166,36 |
Gene Symbol | ID | Sequence (5′–3′) | Gene Length (bp) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ACTB | ENSG00000075624 | Forward primer | GTCACCAACTGGGACGACATG | 510 |
Reverse primer | GCCG TCAGGCAGCTCGTAGC | |||
BCL2 | ENSG00000171791 | Forward primer | GTGGAGGAGCTCTTCAGGGA | 304 |
Reverse primer | AGGCACCCAGGGTGATGCAA | |||
BAX | ENSG00000087088 | Forward primer | GGCCCACCAGCTCTGAGCAGA | 477 |
Reverse primer | GCCACGTGGGCGTCCCAAAGT |
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Albogami, S.; Hassan, A.M. Assessment of the Efficacy of Olive Leaf (Olea europaea L.) Extracts in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer Using In Vitro Cell Models. Molecules 2021, 26, 4069. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134069
Albogami S, Hassan AM. Assessment of the Efficacy of Olive Leaf (Olea europaea L.) Extracts in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer Using In Vitro Cell Models. Molecules. 2021; 26(13):4069. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134069
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlbogami, Sarah, and Aziza M. Hassan. 2021. "Assessment of the Efficacy of Olive Leaf (Olea europaea L.) Extracts in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer Using In Vitro Cell Models" Molecules 26, no. 13: 4069. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134069
APA StyleAlbogami, S., & Hassan, A. M. (2021). Assessment of the Efficacy of Olive Leaf (Olea europaea L.) Extracts in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer and Prostate Cancer Using In Vitro Cell Models. Molecules, 26(13), 4069. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134069