Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Basic Composition
2.2. Macroelement Levels
2.3. Trace Element Levels
2.4. Trace Elements Additives
2.5. Comparative Analysis
2.6. Relations between Elements
3. Discussion
3.1. Basic Composition
3.2. Macroelements
3.3. Trace Elements
3.4. Relations between Elements
3.5. Heavy Metals Content
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling
4.2. Basic Composition
4.3. Macroelements Analysis
4.4. Microelements and Heavy Metal Analysis
4.5. Amount of Trace Elements from Feed Additives
4.6. Relations between Elements
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
- All the evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum FEDIAF recommended levels for protein and fat;
- Comparative analysis of the mineral profile of foods showed differences between foods depending on the composition, which allowed to distinguish specific groups of foods—among the tested foods significant differences in the presence or absence of cereals in the composition were found, with higher P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu levels found in cereal-free foods;
- For a few individual products, mineral content often either far exceeded or did not meet the nutritional requirements, of which in two dog foods, the limit for two trace elements exceeded simultaneously and the concentration of exceeded element was supplemented with nutritional additives, which possibly led to their excess;
- Dog foods without the declared supplementation with nutritional additives met the minimum recommended levels of trace elements, and in two foods they even exceeded the legal limit;
- Diets with an insect source of animal protein had relatively high Mn content, which was supplied from raw materials, not nutritional additives; this may indicate the need for a more detailed analysis of this relatively new source of protein in dogs’ diets in order to avoid excess Mn in the finished product and thus its toxicity;
- Most of the incompatibilities concerned inappropriate mineral Ca:P ratio content (five dog foods below the minimum recommended levels and three above maximum), which may constitute a risk to the overall well-being and health of pets when they are exclusively fed with these products in the long term;
- Heavy metals (Co, Cd, Pb, Mo, Cr, Ni) levels were below detection limit in all analyzed dog foods.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Glossary
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds used in this work are available from the authors. |
No 2 | Dry Matter (g/100 g) | Crude Protein | Ether Extract | Crude Fiber | Crude Ash | NFE 3 | ME 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 93.77 kl | 34.14 n | 21.39 p | 13.23 op | 7.28 mn | 17.74 a | 400.0 nop |
2 | 92.85 fghi | 28.14 ijkl | 11.61 cdefg | 5.59 cdefg | 7.78 o | 39.74 efg | 376.0 defghi |
3 | 92.86 ghi | 24.40 cd | 9.82 bcdef | 5.71 defgh | 7.74 o | 45.21 hijk | 366.8 cde |
4 | 92.45 cde | 29.42 lm | 12.26 efgh | 7.30 ghijk | 5.92 cd | 37.56 def | 378.2 defghi |
5 | 92.46 cde | 25.71 def | 8.02 ab | 5.83 defghi | 9.92 r | 43.00 gh | 347.0 a |
6 | 92.45 cde | 28.27 ijkl | 14.74 hijklm | 5.94 defghi | 6.74 jk | 36.77 de | 392.8 jklmnop |
7 | 93.60 k | 26.05 efg | 14.72 hijklm | 4.12 abcde | 6.07 cde | 42.65 gh | 407.2 pq |
8 | 96.91 q | 21.95 a | 16.98 lmno | 11.55 mno | 6.49 hi | 39.95 efg | 400.4 nop |
9 | 94.51 n | 22.73 ab | 9.82 bcdef | 8.07 hijkl | 4.93 a | 48.96 jklm | 375.1 cdefghi |
10 | 96.82 q | 29.27 klm | 12.62 ghi | 7.30 ghijk | 5.87 c | 41.78 fgh | 397.7 lmnop |
11 | 95.87 o | 38.12 o | 17.98 o | 11.76 no | 7.71 o | 20.32 a | 395.5 klmnop |
12 | 97.39 r | 38.07 o | 16.49 klmno | 4.32 bcdef | 9.88 r | 28.64 b | 415.2 q |
13 | 96.34 p | 25.14 cde | 11.81 efg | 6.59 fghij | 7.19 lmn | 45.61 hijk | 389.3 ijklmno |
14 | 95.95 o | 24.29 cd | 11.84 efg | 6.52 efghij | 8.56 p | 44.75 hij | 382.7 fghijk |
15 | 93.48 jk | 28.91 jklm | 8.89 abc | 6.39 efghij | 7.08 lm | 42.23 gh | 364.5 bcd |
16 | 92.56 defg | 23.90 bc | 6.31 a | 6.35 efghij | 6.54 hij | 49.46 klm | 350.2 ab |
17 | 94.14 m | 27.92 ijk | 6.76 a | 3.22 abc | 7.17 lmn | 49.07 klm | 368.8 cdef |
18 | 92.82 fghi | 21.40 a | 12.33 fgh | 8.20 ijkl | 7.31 n | 43.59 ghi | 370.9 cdefg |
19 | 92.15 c | 26.26 efg | 15.07 ijklmn | 7.84 ghijkl | 7.30 n | 35.68 de | 383.4 ghijkl |
20 | 92.37 cd | 30.25 m | 11.65 defg | 8.52 jkl | 8.05 p | 33.91 cd | 361.4 abc |
21 | 91.11 a | 38.97 o | 16.47 klmno | 7.59 ghijkl | 7,82 o | 20.27 a | 385.2 ghijklm |
22 | 92.85 fghi | 34.23 n | 18.21 o | 15.14 p | 6.37 fgh | 18.92 a | 376.4 defghi |
23 | 93.15 ij | 34.74 n | 17.25 mno | 4.24 bcdef | 9.10 q | 27.83 b | 405.5 pq |
24 | 91.07 a | 30.55 m | 7.08 a | 4.86 bcdef | 7.89 o | 53.17 n | 398.58 lmnop |
25 | 92.53 def | 29.20 jklm | 16.81 lmno | 11.90 no | 4.80 a | 29.83 bc | 387.3 hijklmn |
26 | 93.57 k | 27.75 hij | 13.51 ghij | 9.13 klm | 6.68 ijk | 36.50 de | 378.6 defghij |
27 | 92.68 defgh | 26.39 efgh | 13.90 ghijk | 2.90 ab | 6.43 gh | 43.07 gh | 402.9 opq |
28 | 91.54 b | 22.58 ab | 9.55 bcde | 3.59 abcd | 5.42 b | 50.41 lmn | 377.9 defghi |
29 | 91.64 b | 35.41 n | 15.77 jklmno | 7.75 ghijkl | 7.10 mno | 25.62 b | 386.0 hijklmn |
30 | 97.55 r | 22.41 a | 17.62 no | 13.38 op | 6.66 ijk | 37.49 def | 398.2 mnop |
MRL 5 | 18.00 | 5.50 | - | - | - | - |
No 2 | Ca | P | K | Na | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.451 a | 1.075 o | 1.349 r | 0.660 s | 0.094 a |
2 | 0.759 cde | 0.725 efg | 0.953 kl | 0.363 d | 0.132 h |
3 | 1.296 m | 0.793 ij | 0.882 j | 0.407 f | 0.120 cd |
4 | 0.751 cde | 0.535 b | 0.831 i | 0.313 b | 0.097 a |
5 | 1.640 pq | 0.856 kl | 1.082 o | 0.431 hi | 0.152 k |
6 | 1.103 jkl | 0.535 b | 0.706 f | 0.450 l | 0.167 m |
7 | 0.995 ghijk | 0.717 ef | 0.794 h | 0.396 e | 0.094 a |
8 | 0.857 defg | 0.475 a | 1.182 q | 0.482 m | 0.184 o |
9 | 0.636 bc | 0.599 c | 0.939 k | 0.251 a | 0.172 n |
10 | 0.882 efgh | 0.897 lm | 0.588 ab | 0.395 e | 0.182 o |
11 | 0.964 fghij | 0.818 jk | 0.883 j | 0.687 t | 0.152 k |
12 | 1.522 op | 0.660 d | 1.004 m | 0.834 u | 0.181 o |
13 | 1.109 kl | 0.765 ghi | 0.638 c | 0.535 o | 0.138 i |
14 | 1.476 no | 0.777 i | 0.610 b | 0.504 n | 0.126 fg |
15 | 0.561 ab | 0.674 d | 0.710 f | 0.445 kl | 0.218 r |
16 | 0.855 def | 0.548 b | 0.849 i | 0.533 o | 0.112 b |
17 | 1.145 l | 0.928 mn | 0.966 l | 0.425 h | 0.128 gh |
18 | 1.554 op | 0.900 mn | 0.652 cd | 0.438 jk | 0.120 d |
19 | 1.284 m | 0.754 fghi | 0.710 f | 0.417 g | 0.139 i |
20 | 1.605 op | 0.896 lm | 0.827 i | 0.437 ij | 0.125 efg |
21 | 1.030 ijkl | 0.938 n | 1.001 m | 0.828 u | 0.189 p |
22 | 0.741 cd | 0.537 b | 0.997 m | 0.631 r | 0.159 m |
23 | 1.746 q | 0.754 fghi | 0.832 i | 0.503 n | 0.149 jk |
24 | 1.543 op | 0.843 k | 0.744 g | 0.575 q | 0.148 j |
25 | 0.539 ab | 0.735 fgh | 0.833 i | 0.417 g | 0.121 de |
26 | 1.315 m | 0.690 de | 0.676 e | 0.436 ij | 0.116 bc |
27 | 1.345 mn | 0.914 mn | 0.663 de | 0.406 f | 0.124 def |
28 | 0.915 fghi | 0.767 hi | 0.568 a | 0.328 c | 0.124 def |
29 | 0.952 fghi | 1.204 p | 1.050 n | 0.564 p | 0.163 m |
30 | 1.018 hijkl | 0.549 b | 1.149 p | 0.430 hi | 0.200 q |
Contrast | |||||
Cereal-free foods | 1.083 a | 0.771 b | 0.964 b | 0.527 b | 0.145 a |
Cereal foods | 1.091 a | 0.750 a | 0.713 a | 0.428 a | 0.144 a |
MRL 3 | 0.500 | 0.400 | 0.500 | 0.100 | 0.07 |
MNL 4 | 2.500 | 1.600 | - | - | - |
No 2 | Microelements | Heavy Metals 5 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn | Co | Cd | Pb | Mo | Cr | Ni | |
1 | 2.374 kl | 55.99 s | 4.035 l | 21.22 hi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
2 | 2.501 mn | 99.56 x | 6.505 p | 11.11 abcd | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
3 | 2.157 j | 49.47 p | 4.429 m | 9.52 a | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
4 | 2.604 o | 56.25 s | 4.589 n | 10.45 ab | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
5 | 1.277 a | 72.61 u | 5.936 o | 10.58 abc | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
6 | 1.218 a | 29.25 f | 3.142 i | 13.02 abcde | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
7 | 2.578 no | 33.60 i | 4.526 mn | 15.72 def | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
8 | 2.142 j | 44.05 m | 21.210 v | 15.90 defg | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
9 | 1.904 gh | 29.79 f | 9.522 t | 10.98 abcd | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
10 | 1.629 ef | 31.93 gh | 3.330 j | 12.92 abcde | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
11 | 1.693 f | 84.60 w | 7.904 s | 18.77 fghi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
12 | 2.825 p | 53.86 r | 7.042 q | 40.43 k | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
13 | 2.290 k | 51.47 q | 7.127 q | 30.81 j | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
14 | 1.583 de | 77.89 v | 7.137 q | 17.22 efgh | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
15 | 1.497 cd | 63.65 t | 7.788 r | 17.97 fghi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
16 | 1.677 f | 45.90 n | 3.125 i | 17.02 efgh | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
17 | 1.855 g | 29.33 f | 2.594 g | 15.48 cdef | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
18 | 1.406 bc | 31.47 g | 3.600 k | 18.17 fghi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
19 | 2.002 i | 48.09 o | 2.350 f | 20.70 ghi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
20 | 2.927 q | 42.81 l | 2.071 d | 29.08 j | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
21 | 2.288 k | 14.37 b | 0.998 a | 21.51 hi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
22 | 2.416 lm | 28.31 e | 2.550 g | 31.54 j | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
23 | 1.683 f | 45.89 n | 2.916 h | 17.73 efghi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
24 | 2.162 j | 40.70 k | 2.508 g | 27.56 j | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
25 | 1.634 ef | 26.91 d | 1.685 c | 20.98 hi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
26 | 1.716 f | 32.11 h | 2.247 e | 18.46 fghi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
27 | 1.685 f | 29.46 f | 2.199 e | 18.42 fghi | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
28 | 1.395 b | 18.23 c | 1.374 b | 15.12 bcdef | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
29 | 1.922 ghi | 12.75 a | 1.092 a | 22.53 i | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
30 | 1.960 hi | 35.72 j | 18.300 u | 13.87 abcdef | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
Contrast | ||||||||||
Cereal-free foods | 2.185 b | 46.91 b | 5.782 b | 19.91 b | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cereal foods | 1.681 a | 39.89 a | 4.272 a | 17.41 a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
MRL 3 | 0.720 | 3.60 | 0.580 | 7.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
MLL 4 | 2.800 | 68.18 | 17.000 | 22.70 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
No | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 17.48 | 3.11 | 34.30 | 9.33 |
2 | 66.36 | 5.74 | 142.36 | 102.15 |
3 | 76.95 | 11.55 | 209.07 | 119.23 |
4 | 63.74 | 10.16 | 201.78 | 108.64 |
5 | 129.94 | 7.87 | 155.98 | 107.35 |
6 | NDL | NDL | NDL | NDL |
7 | 16.46 | 7.61 | 66.54 | 45.43 |
8 | 50.74 | NDL | NDL | 68.37 |
9 | 20.80 | 5.88 | 14.01 | 17.69 |
10 | NDL | NDL | NDL | NDL |
11 | 12.53 | 8.68 | 68.59 | 57.06 |
12 | 8.01 | 13.63 | 75.76 | 26.49 |
13 | 9.88 | 14.26 | 76.07 | 15.77 |
14 | 14.29 | 9.42 | 75.96 | 28.20 |
15 | 14.17 | 11.53 | 69.05 | 59.60 |
16 | 16.87 | 8.75 | 68.84 | 70.84 |
17 | 15.24 | 13.70 | 82.95 | 72.09 |
18 | 20.12 | 12.77 | 59.75 | 66.32 |
19 | 15.89 | NDL | NDL | 44.10 |
20 | 10.87 | NDL | NDL | 50.24 |
21 | 54.64 | NDL | NDL | 42.45 |
22 | 45.00 | 38.39 | 42.63 | 48.25 |
23 | 64.58 | 23.69 | 37.27 | 85.82 |
24 | 12.80 | 8.78 | 33.56 | 20.12 |
25 | 16.93 | 13.27 | 49.95 | 26.42 |
26 | 16.30 | 11.25 | 8.89 | 27.10 |
27 | 16.59 | 12.26 | 9.09 | 27.16 |
28 | 19.83 | NDL | NDL | 66.44 |
29 | 15.05 | NDL | NDL | 40.53 |
30 | 14.11 | NDL | NDL | 62.98 |
No | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | The Main Ingredients |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | beef, sweet potatoes, beans, beef fat |
2 | 0.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | chicken, sweet potatoes, peas, potatoes, chicken fat |
3 | 0.18 | 0.57 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | pork, sweet potatoes, peas, potatoes, pork fat |
4 | 0.28 | 0.77 | 0.77 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | beef, sweet potatoes, potatoes, peas, beef fat |
5 | −0.09 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | lamb, sweet potatoes, peas, potatoes, lamb fat |
6 | −0.28 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.49 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | chicken, brown rice, chicken fat |
7 | 0.32 | 0.49 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.37 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | dried salmon, potatoes, salmon protein, chicken fat |
8 | −0.21 | 0.09 | −0.11 | 0.15 | −0.09 | 0.11 | −0.10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | potatoes, Hermetia illucens, poultry fat |
9 | −0.04 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.19 | 0.66 | 0.46 | 0.55 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Hermetia illucens, oats, potatoes, corn, peas, insects oil |
10 | −0.16 | 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.79 | 0.38 | −0.15 | 0.63 | - | - | - | - | - | - | salmon, brown rice, chicken fat |
11 | 0.17 | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.40 | 0.28 | −0.11 | −0.21 | −0.11 | 0.20 | - | - | - | - | - | chicken, potatoes, dried peas, animal fat |
12 | −0.13 | −0.37 | −0.38 | −0.32 | −0.41 | −0.32 | −0.20 | −0.18 | −0.58 | −0.47 | −0.17 | - | - | - | - | salmon, potatoes, peas, animal fat |
13 | −0.19 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.35 | −0.35 | 0.23 | 0.51 | −0.50 | −0.08 | 0.29 | −0.03 | 0.30 | - | - | - | salmon, rice, animal fat |
14 | −0.31 | 0.32 | 0.59 | 0.33 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.32 | −0.38 | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.55 | −0.28 | 0.41 | - | - | lamb, rice, animal fat |
15 | −0.31 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.64 | −0.09 | 0.24 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.40 | −0.36 | 0.05 | 0.20 | - | chicken, corn, rice, wheat, vegetable fiber, animal fat |
16 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.30 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.41 | −0.26 | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.32 | barley, salmon, rabbit, whole grain oat flour, potato flakes, poultry fat |
17 | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.81 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.68 | −0.29 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.01 | −0.41 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.05 | duck, corn flour, rice flour, salmon, liver, sugar beet molasses, poultry fat |
18 | −0.16 | −0.06 | 0.67 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.48 | −0.45 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.12 | −0.31 | 0.40 | 0.74 | 0.08 | lamb, rice, corn, poultry fat |
19 | −0.13 | 0.31 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.71 | 0.70 | −0.41 | 0.37 | 0.69 | 0.13 | −0.12 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.25 | lamb, oats, beef, pork, lamb fat, lentils, peas |
20 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.47 | 0.35 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.60 | −0.54 | −0.16 | 0.06 | −0.37 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.19 | −0.46 | lamb, peas, lentils, lamb liver, lamb fat |
21 | 0.29 | −0.31 | 0.08 | −0.12 | −0.10 | 0.22 | 0.09 | −0.22 | −0.02 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.08 | −0.25 | 0.06 | sardines, mackerel, hake, flounder, redfish, sole, herring, cod, blue whiting, herring oil, red lentils, green lentils, green peas, chickpeas, peas |
22 | 0.25 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.32 | −0.41 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.10 | −0.12 | 0.49 | 0.42 | −0.31 | 0.15 | white fish, herring, salmon, salmon oil, peas, potato flakes |
23 | −0.29 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.21 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.34 | −0.32 | 0.13 | 0.48 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.06 | turkey, rabbit, peas, pork fat, potatoes |
24 | −0.17 | −0.19 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.40 | −0.65 | −0.19 | 0.36 | −0.04 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.47 | −0.14 | lamb, potato flakes, peas, chicken protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, salmon oil |
25 | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.68 | 0.65 | −0.12 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.14 | −0.42 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 0.41 | white fish, potato flakes, peas, animal fat, salmon, chicken |
26 | −0.08 | 0.15 | 0.77 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.79 | 0.72 | −0.29 | 0.40 | 0.65 | 0.12 | −0.22 | 0.56 | 0.69 | 0.17 | chicken, rice, peas, animal fat, beef |
27 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 0.63 | −0.48 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 0.06 | −0.32 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.13 | chicken, rice, peas, animal fat, beef |
28 | −0.02 | 0.16 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.84 | 0.65 | −0.20 | 0.62 | 0.85 | 0.11 | −0.49 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.44 | poultry, salmon, millet, barley, corn, rice, potatoes, dried beet pulp, animal fat |
29 | 0.46 | −0.25 | 0.23 | −0.08 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.20 | −0.44 | 0.12 | 0.49 | −0.12 | −0.10 | −0.02 | −0.19 | 0.01 | herring, sardines, flounder, cod, hake, green peas, red lentils, chickpeas, green lentils, red banded redfish, pinto beans, peas, pollock oil |
30 | −0.33 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.31 | −0.10 | 0.94 | 0.67 | 0.10 | −0.24 | −0.25 | −0.53 | −0.29 | 0.37 | potatoes, Hermetia illucens, poultry fat |
No | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | The Main Ingredients |
16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | barley, salmon, rabbit, whole grain oat flour, potato flakes, poultry fat |
17 | 0.61 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | duck, corn flour, rice flour, salmon, liver, sugar beet molasses, poultry fat |
18 | 0.54 | 0.76 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | lamb, rice, corn, poultry fat |
19 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.82 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | lamb, oats, beef, pork, lamb fat, lentils, peas |
20 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.60 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | lamb, peas, lentils, lamb liver, lamb fat |
21 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.21 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | sardines, mackerel, hake, flounder, redfish, sole, herring, cod, blue whiting, herring oil, red lentils, green lentils, green peas, chickpeas, peas |
22 | 0.48 | 0.16 | −0.09 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.56 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | white fish, herring, salmon, salmon oil, peas, potato flakes |
23 | 0.47 | 0.63 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | turkey, rabbit, peas, pork fat, potatoes |
24 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.76 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | lamb, potato flakes, peas, chicken protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, salmon oil |
25 | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 0.26 | 0.24 | - | - | - | - | - | - | white fish, potato flakes, peas, animal fat, salmon, chicken |
26 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.72 | - | - | - | - | - | chicken, rice, peas, animal fat, beef |
27 | 0.59 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.48 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.93 | - | - | - | - | chicken, rice, peas, animal fat, beef |
28 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.90 | - | - | - | poultry, salmon, millet, barley, corn, rice, potatoes, dried beet pulp, animal fat |
29 | 0.11 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.73 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.41 | - | - | herring, sardines, flounder, cod, hake, green peas, red lentils, chickpeas, green lentils, red banded redfish, pinto beans, peas, pollock oil |
30 | 0.02 | −0.08 | −0.24 | −0.23 | −0.48 | −0.09 | 0.01 | −0.07 | −0.49 | −0.05 | −0.14 | −0.26 | −0.02 | −0.24 | - | potatoes, Hermetia illucens, poultry fat |
No | Ca:Mg | K:Mg | Na:K | K:Ca | Fe:Mn | Mn:Zn | P:Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.80:1 | 14.35:1 | 0.49:1 | 2.99:1 | 13.88:1 | 0.19:1 | 50.66:1 |
2 | 5.75:1 | 7.22:1 | 0.38:1 | 1.26:1 | 15.31:1 | 0.59:1 | 65.26:1 |
3 | 10.80:1 | 7.35:1 | 0.46:1 | 0.68:1 | 11.17:1 | 0.47:1 | 83.30:1 |
4 | 7.74:1 | 8.57:1 | 0.38:1 | 1.11:1 | 12.26:1 | 0.44:1 | 51.20:1 |
5 | 10.79:1 | 7.12:1 | 0.40:1 | 0.66:1 | 12.23:1 | 0.56:1 | 80.91:1 |
6 | 6.60:1 | 4.23:1 | 0.64:1 | 0.64:1 | 9.31:1 | 0.24:1 | 41.09:1 |
7 | 10.59:1 | 8.45:1 | 0.50:1 | 0.80:1 | 7.42:1 | 0.29:1 | 45.61:1 |
8 | 4.66:1 | 6.42:1 | 0.41:1 | 1.38:1 | 2.08:1 | 1.33:1 | 29.87:1 |
9 | 3.70:1 | 5.46:1 | 0.27:1 | 1.48:1 | 3.13:1 | 0.87:1 | 54.55:1 |
10 | 4.85:1 | 3.23:1 | 0.67:1 | 0.67:1 | 9.59:1 | 0.26:1 | 69.43:1 |
11 | 6.34:1 | 5.81:1 | 0.78:1 | 0.92:1 | 10.70:1 | 0.42:1 | 43.58:1 |
12 | 8.41:1 | 5.55:1 | 0.83:1 | 0.66:1 | 7.65:1 | 0.17:1 | 16.32:1 |
13 | 8.04:1 | 4.62:1 | 0.84:1 | 0.58:1 | 7.22:1 | 0.23:1 | 24.83:1 |
14 | 11.71:1 | 4.84:1 | 0.83:1 | 0.41:1 | 10.91:1 | 0.41:1 | 45.12:1 |
15 | 2.57:1 | 3.26:1 | 0.63:1 | 1.27:1 | 8.17:1 | 0.43:1 | 37.51:1 |
16 | 7.63:1 | 7.58:1 | 0.63:1 | 0.99:1 | 14.69:1 | 0.18:1 | 32.20:1 |
17 | 8.95:1 | 7.55:1 | 0.44:1 | 0.84:1 | 11.31:1 | 0.17:1 | 59.95:1 |
18 | 12.95:1 | 5.43:1 | 0.67:1 | 0.42:1 | 8.74:1 | 0.20:1 | 49.53:1 |
19 | 9.24:1 | 5.11:1 | 0.59:1 | 0.55:1 | 20.46:1 | 0.11:1 | 36.43:1 |
20 | 12.84:1 | 6.62:1 | 0.53:1 | 0.52:1 | 20.67:1 | 0.07:1 | 30.81:1 |
21 | 5.45:1 | 5.30:1 | 0.83:1 | 0.97:1 | 14.40:1 | 0.05:1 | 43.61:1 |
22 | 4.66:1 | 6.27:1 | 0.63:1 | 1.35:1 | 11.10:1 | 0.08:1 | 17.03:1 |
23 | 11.72:1 | 5.58:1 | 0.60:1 | 0.48:1 | 15.74:1 | 0.16:1 | 42.53:1 |
24 | 10.43:1 | 5.03:1 | 0.77:1 | 0.48:1 | 16.23:1 | 0.09:1 | 30.59:1 |
25 | 4.45:1 | 6.88:1 | 0.50:1 | 1.55:1 | 15.97:1 | 0.08:1 | 35.03:1 |
26 | 11.34:1 | 5.83:1 | 0.64:1 | 0.51:1 | 14.29:1 | 0.12:1 | 37.38:1 |
27 | 10.85:1 | 5.35:1 | 0.61:1 | 0.49:1 | 13.40:1 | 0.12:1 | 49.62:1 |
28 | 7.38:1 | 4.58:1 | 0.58:1 | 0.62:1 | 13.27:1 | 0.09:1 | 50.73:1 |
29 | 5.84:1 | 6.44:1 | 0.54:1 | 1.10:1 | 11.68:1 | 0.05:1 | 53.44:1 |
30 | 5.09:1 | 5.75:1 | 0.37:1 | 1.13:1 | 1.95:1 | 1.32:1 | 39.58:1 |
Mean | 7.87:1 | 6.19:1 | 0.58:1 | 0.92:1 | 11.50:1 | 0.33:1 | 44.92:1 |
According to MRL 1 | 7.14:1 | 7.14:1 | 0.20:1 | 1:1 | 6.21:1 | 0.08:1 | 55.56:1 |
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Kazimierska, K.; Biel, W.; Witkowicz, R. Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines. Molecules 2020, 25, 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215173
Kazimierska K, Biel W, Witkowicz R. Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines. Molecules. 2020; 25(21):5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215173
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazimierska, Katarzyna, Wioletta Biel, and Robert Witkowicz. 2020. "Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines" Molecules 25, no. 21: 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215173
APA StyleKazimierska, K., Biel, W., & Witkowicz, R. (2020). Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines. Molecules, 25(21), 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215173