Adsorption and Desorption Performance and Mechanism of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents Derived from Sugar Cane Bagasse Activated with ZnCl2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. Materials Structure and Composition
2.2. Batch Adsorption Experiments
2.2.1. Effect of pH
2.2.2. Adsorbent Dosage Studies
2.2.3. Kinetics Studies
2.2.4. Adsorption Isotherm
2.3. Fixed Bed Adsorption Experiments
2.3.1. Effect of Flow Rate
2.3.2. Effect of Bed Height
2.3.3. Effect of Initial Concentration
2.3.4. Effect of Temperature
2.3.5. Modelling of Breakthrough Curves
2.4. Fixed Bed Desorption Experiments
2.5. XPS Analysis
2.6. Adsorption and Desorption Mechanism
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of the Absorbents
3.3. Characterization
3.4. Adsorption Experiments
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SBET | Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (m2 g−1) |
Vmic | Micropore volume (cm3 g−1) |
Dp | Average pore diameter (nm) |
qm | Maximum adsorption capacity of TCH per unit mass of ZBAC (mg g−1) |
qt | Amounts of TCH adsorbed at contact time (mg g−1) |
qe | Amounts of TCH adsorbed at equilibrium time (mg g−1) |
k1 | Rate constant for first order kinetic (min−1) |
k2 | Rate constant for second order kinetic (g mg−1 min−1) |
k0 | Initial adsorption rate (g mg−1 min−1) |
K | Langmuir adsorption constant (L mg−1) |
RL | Dimensionless constant separation factor |
kf | Freundlich constant which indicates the adsorption capacity |
n | Freundlich constant which related to the adsorption strength of the adsorbent |
ε | Polanyi potential |
K’ | Constant of the adsorption energy (mol2 kJ−2) |
Ki | Rate constant of the intraparticle diffusion (mg g−1 min−1/2) |
E | Adsorption energy (kJ mol−1) |
pHpzc | pH at point of zero charge |
H | Bed height in fixed bed column adsorption (cm) |
Q | Flow rate (mL min−1) |
tb | Breakthrough time (min) |
Vb | Volume of treated solution (mL) |
qb | Adsorption capacity in Fixed bed adsorption (mg g−1) |
Rb | Metal removal efficiency of the breakthrough point (%) |
ts | Saturation time (min) |
Vs | Volume of treated solution (mL) |
qs | Adsorption capacity in Fixed bed adsorption (mg g−1) |
Rs | Metal removal efficiency of the saturation point (%) |
M | Adsorbent dosage (g) |
EBCT | Empty bed contact time (min) |
MTZ | Mass transfer zone (cm) |
Cf | Desorbed concentration of TCH |
qe,d | The amount of TCH desorbed |
qtotal,d | Amount of TCH desorbed per mass of ZBAC |
Cp | The maximum concentration in desorption |
CFp | The overall sorption process concentration factor |
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
ACs | qm (mg g−1) | References |
---|---|---|
Human hair | 128.5 | Ahmed, et al. [16] |
Chicken feather | 388.3 | Li, Hu, Meng, Su and Wang [13] |
Rice-husk | 58.8 | Chen, et al. [17] |
Bamboo charcoal | 27.7 | Liao, et al. [18] |
Rice husk ash | 8.37 | Liu, et al. [19] |
Sugar cane bagasse | 239.6 | This study |
Model ID | qe,exp mg g−1 | ki mg−1 g min−1/2 | C mg g−1 | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sector #1 | ||||
298 K | 19.938 | 1.073 | 17.938 | 0.9013 |
308 K | 21.885 | 1.250 | 13.310 | 0.9629 |
318 K | 22.335 | 2.079 | 13.330 | 0.9696 |
Sector #2 | ||||
298 K | 23.818 | 0.3948 | 17.938 | 0.9743 |
308 K | 23.999 | 0.5875 | 17.593 | 0.9891 |
318 K | 23.999 | 0.7908 | 18.812 | 0.9571 |
No. | mL/min | cm | K | mg/L | pH | min | mL | mg/g | % | min | mL | mg/g | % | g | mg/L | min | cm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | H | T | C0 | tb | Vb | qb | Rb | ts | Vs | qs | Rs | M | Ce | EBTC | MTZ | ||
1 | 1 | 3 | 298 | 120 | 3.5 | 105 | 105 | 15.24 | 96.77 | 580 | 580 | 42.07 | 49.21 | 0.8 | 112.8 | 2.85 | 2.46 |
2 | 1 | 3 | 298 | 180 | 3.5 | 180 | 180 | 39.87 | 98.45 | 730 | 730 | 91.73 | 55.84 | 0.8 | 169.2 | 2.85 | 2.26 |
3 | 1 | 3 | 298 | 240 | 3.5 | 70 | 70 | 14.94 | 99.63 | 850 | 850 | 105.3 | 41.3 | 0.8 | 227.5 | 2.85 | 2.75 |
4 | 1 | 3.75 | 298 | 240 | 3.5 | 230 | 230 | 54.62 | 98.95 | 1105 | 1105 | 126.4 | 47.67 | 1 | 236.5 | 3.56 | 2.97 |
5 | 1 | 4.5 | 298 | 240 | 3.5 | 180 | 180 | 35.46 | 98.51 | 1530 | 1530 | 118.9 | 38.88 | 1.2 | 237.8 | 4.27 | 3.97 |
6 | 1.5 | 3 | 298 | 240 | 3.5 | 55 | 82.5 | 24.03 | 98.23 | 605 | 907.5 | 100.1 | 46.77 | 0.8 | 230.4 | 1.9 | 2.73 |
7 | 2 | 3 | 298 | 240 | 3.5 | 40 | 80 | 23.15 | 96.45 | 240 | 480 | 61.55 | 42.75 | 0.8 | 225.2 | 1.43 | 2.5 |
8 | 1 | 3 | 308 | 240 | 3.5 | 130 | 130 | 37.95 | 97.31 | 905 | 905 | 123.5 | 45.5 | 0.8 | 232.8 | 2.85 | 2.57 |
9 | 1 | 3 | 318 | 240 | 3.5 | 130 | 130 | 37.94 | 97.34 | 1005 | 1005 | 134.9 | 44.5 | 0.8 | 238.8 | 2.85 | 2.61 |
Model | Parameters | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adams–Bohart | KAB (L mg−1 min−1) × 10−5 | 6.951 | 3.684 | 2.126 | 1.406 | 3.137 | 3.008 | 9.307 | 2.143 | 1.710 |
N0 (mg L−1) × 104 | 0.932 | 2.041 | 2.367 | 2.293 | 2.469 | 2.154 | 1.300 | 2.692 | 2.984 | |
R2 | 0.958 | 0.955 | 0.9459 | 0.966 | 0.9659 | 0.937 | 0.945 | 0.945 | 0.928 | |
Thomas | Kth (L mg−1 min−1) × 10−5 | 6.967 | 3.685 | 2.071 | 1.969 | 3.137 | 3.002 | 9.309 | 2.164 | 1.694 |
q0 (mg g−1) | 41.13 | 91.69 | 97.15 | 97.43 | 112.6 | 84.77 | 56.72 | 115.2 | 126.4 | |
R2 | 0.958 | 0.955 | 0.9412 | 0.923 | 0.9659 | 0.938 | 0.946 | 0.945 | 0.928 | |
Yoon–Nelson | KYN (min−1) × 10−2 | 0.836 | 0.675 | 0.502 | 0.472 | 0.753 | 0.720 | 2.234 | 0.520 | 0.411 |
τcal (min) | 274.1 | 403.5 | 320.6 | 487.1 | 469.4 | 188.4 | 94.53 | 384.2 | 417.0 | |
R2 | 0.958 | 0.955 | 0.9412 | 0.964 | 0.9659 | 0.938 | 0.945 | 0.945 | 0.928 | |
BDST | KBDST (L mg−1 min−1) × 10−5 | 6.967 | 3.727 | 2.072 | 1.969 | 3.137 | 3.002 | 9.309 | 2.164 | 1.711 |
N0 (mg L−1) × 104 | 0.894 | 1.974 | 2.112 | 2.118 | 2.449 | 1.843 | 0.616 | 25.06 | 2.720 | |
R2 | 0.958 | 0.955 | 0.9412 | 0.923 | 0.9659 | 0.937 | 0.945 | 0.945 | 0.928 | |
Dose Response | q0 (mg g−1) | 36.68 | 78.25 | 82.15 | 89.09 | 108.9 | 66.66 | 49.28 | 98.66 | 103.4 |
α | 2.166 | 2.421 | 1.618 | 1.892 | 3.025 | 1.519 | 2.037 | 1.947 | 1.668 | |
R2 | 0.9940 | 0.974 | 0.9906 | 0.99 | 0.9934 | 0.98 | 0.997 | 0.988 | 0.968 | |
Clark | A*103 | 3.922 | 14.13 | 0.617 | 7.736 | 2.076 | 0.281 | 3.323 | 1.581 | 2.087 |
r (min−1) × 10−2 | 1.764 | 1.492 | 0.981 | 1.152 | 1.869 | 1.302 | 4.995 | 1.036 | 0.956 | |
R2 | 0.902 | 0.918 | 0.8841 | 0.868 | 0.9246 | 0.837 | 0.89 | 0.884 | 0.882 |
Q | qtotal,d | qe,d | tp | Cp | CFp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mL/min | mg/g | mg/g | min | mg/L | |
1.0 | 10.54 | 13.18 | 20 | 117.5 | 0.489 |
1.5 | 5.276 | 6.595 | 15 | 58.50 | 0.244 |
2.0 | 4.479 | 5.599 | 10 | 16.31 | 0.068 |
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Cai, Y.; Liu, L.; Tian, H.; Yang, Z.; Luo, X. Adsorption and Desorption Performance and Mechanism of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents Derived from Sugar Cane Bagasse Activated with ZnCl2. Molecules 2019, 24, 4534. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244534
Cai Y, Liu L, Tian H, Yang Z, Luo X. Adsorption and Desorption Performance and Mechanism of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents Derived from Sugar Cane Bagasse Activated with ZnCl2. Molecules. 2019; 24(24):4534. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244534
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Yixin, Liming Liu, Huafeng Tian, Zhennai Yang, and Xiaogang Luo. 2019. "Adsorption and Desorption Performance and Mechanism of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents Derived from Sugar Cane Bagasse Activated with ZnCl2" Molecules 24, no. 24: 4534. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244534