Innovative “Green” and Novel Strategies for the Extraction of Bioactive Added Value Compounds from Citrus Wastes—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nutritional and Bioactive Composition of Citrus Wastes
2.1. Dietary Fibre
Pectin
2.2. Polyphenols
2.3. Natural Pigments
2.4. Essential Oils (EOs)
3. Valorisation of Citrus Waste and By-products by Extraction of BACs Using Novel Strategies
3.1. Pectins
3.1.1. Ultrasound
3.1.2. Microwaves
3.1.3. High Pressure
3.2. Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds (Polyphenols, Carotenoids, Vitamin E, etc.)
3.2.1. Pulsed Electric Fields
3.2.2. Ultrasound
3.2.3. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
3.2.4. Pressurized Fluid Extraction
3.2.5. High-Pressure Assisted Extraction (HPE)
3.3. Essential Oils (EOs)
3.3.1. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
3.3.2. Microwaves
3.3.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
3.3.4. Enzyme-Assisted Extraction
3.4. Anaerobic Digestion
4. Challenges and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Citrus Waste | Pectin | Lignin | Cellulose | Hemicellulose |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lemon peels | 13.00 ± 1.06 | 7.56 ± 0.54 | 23.06 ± 2.11 | 8.09 ± 0.81 |
Lemon pulp | 22.53 ± 1.95 | 7.55 ± 0.66 | 36.22 ± 3.24 | 11.05 ± 1.09 |
Orange peels | 23.02 ± 2.12 | 7.52 ± 0.59 | 37.08 ± 3.1 | 11.04 ± 1.05 |
Orange pulp | 12.07 ± 1.12 | 7.51 ± 0.62 | 24.52 ± 2.0 | 7.57 ± 0.66 |
Type | Basic Structure |
---|---|
α-Carotene | |
β-Carotene | |
Lutein | |
Zeaxanthin | |
β-Cryptoxanthin |
Plant Material | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrasound-assisted extraction | |||||||||
Treatment conditions | Ethanol/Water Ratio (v/v) | Extraction yield | Reference | ||||||
kHz | W | °C | min | ||||||
Orange peel | 25 | 150 | 30 | 15 | 50:50 | Polyphenols (caffeic (207%), p-coumaric (180%), ferulic (192%), sinapic acid (66%), p-hydroxybenzoic (94%)) | [110] | ||
25 | 50–150 | 10–40 | 60 | 20–80:80–20 | Polyphenols (naringin (38%), Hesperidin (42%), total phenolic compounds (31%)) | [111] | |||
- | 125 | 35 | 30 | 80:20 | - | [120] | |||
Microwave-assisted extraction | |||||||||
Treatment conditions | Extraction yield | ||||||||
W | °C | s | Liquid-to solid ratio | ||||||
Orange peels | 500 | <135 | 122 | 25 mL·g−1 | Polyphenol content (12.20 mg/GAE g−1 DW) | [118] | |||
200 | - | 180 | - | - | [120] | ||||
Lemon peels | 400 | 123 | 28:1 mL | Polyphenol content (15.74 mg/GAE g−1 DW) | [119] | ||||
Mandarin peels | 400 | <135 | 180 | 1:2 | - | [117] | |||
152 | 49 | 16 | - | [116] |
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Putnik, P.; Bursać Kovačević, D.; Režek Jambrak, A.; Barba, F.J.; Cravotto, G.; Binello, A.; Lorenzo, J.M.; Shpigelman, A. Innovative “Green” and Novel Strategies for the Extraction of Bioactive Added Value Compounds from Citrus Wastes—A Review. Molecules 2017, 22, 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22050680
Putnik P, Bursać Kovačević D, Režek Jambrak A, Barba FJ, Cravotto G, Binello A, Lorenzo JM, Shpigelman A. Innovative “Green” and Novel Strategies for the Extraction of Bioactive Added Value Compounds from Citrus Wastes—A Review. Molecules. 2017; 22(5):680. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22050680
Chicago/Turabian StylePutnik, Predrag, Danijela Bursać Kovačević, Anet Režek Jambrak, Francisco J. Barba, Giancarlo Cravotto, Arianna Binello, Jose Manuel Lorenzo, and Avi Shpigelman. 2017. "Innovative “Green” and Novel Strategies for the Extraction of Bioactive Added Value Compounds from Citrus Wastes—A Review" Molecules 22, no. 5: 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22050680