Exploring the Degradation of Ibuprofen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b): The New Pathway and Factors Affecting Degradation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Factors Affecting Ibuprofen Degradation
2.1.1. Influence of pH and Temperature on Ibuprofen Degradation
2.1.2. Heavy Metals and Ibuprofen Degradation
2.1.3. Degradation of Ibuprofen in the Presence of Selected Aromatic Compounds
2.2. Ibuprofen Degradation Pathway
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Bacterial Strain and Growth Conditions
3.2. Ibuprofen Degradation Experiments
3.3. Determination of No-Observed-Effect Concentrations (NOECs) of Heavy Metals
3.4. HPLC Analysis
3.5. Enzyme Assays
3.6. Intermediates Identification
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Metal Ion | Metal Ion Concentration (mM) | Optical Density (OD600) | NOEC (mM) |
---|---|---|---|
Cu2+ | 0.00000082 | 0.150 ± 0.040 | 0.00256 |
0.0000041 | 0.146 ± 0.026 | ||
0.00002048 | 0.138 ± 0.033 | ||
0.0001024 | 0.139 ± 0.019 | ||
0.000512 | 0.145 ± 0.016 | ||
0.00256 | 0.156 ± 0.012 | ||
0.128 * | 0.092 ± 0.015 | ||
0.064 * | 0.109 ± 0.015 | ||
0.32 * | 0.094 ± 0.034 | ||
1.6 * | 0.077 ± 0.019 | ||
Cd2+ | 0.000001 | 0.111 ± 0.009 | 0.003 |
0.000004 | 0.106 ± 0.028 | ||
0.00002 | 0.113 ± 0.025 | ||
0.000102 | 0.118 ± 0.032 | ||
0.001 | 0.120 ± 0.034 | ||
0.003 | 0.117 ± 0.030 | ||
0.013 * | 0.108 ± 0.001 | ||
0.064 * | 0.119 ± 0.011 | ||
0.32 * | 0.124 ± 0.027 | ||
1.6 * | 0.079 ± 0.008 | ||
8.0 * | 0.061 ± 0.008 | ||
Co2+ | 0.17 | 0.149 ± 0.008 | 0.21 |
0.21 | 0.162 ± 0.015 | ||
0.27 * | 0.120 ± 0.014 | ||
0.34 * | 0.108 ± 0.022 | ||
0.42 * | 0.095 ± 0.010 | ||
0.52 * | 0.050 ± 0.016 | ||
0.66 * | 0.035 ± 0.009 | ||
0.82 * | 0.019 ± 0.008 | ||
1.02 * | 0.020 ± 0.004 | ||
1.28 * | 0.017 ± 0.008 | ||
1.60 * | 0.017 ± 0.008 | ||
Cr6+ | 0.00000082 * | 0.079 ± 0.021 | 0.32 |
0.0000041 * | 0.092 ± 0.030 | ||
0.00002048 * | 0.095 ± 0.030 | ||
0.0001024 * | 0.127 ± 0.023 | ||
0.000512 * | 0.170 ± 0.021 | ||
0.00256 * | 0.138 ± 0.021 | ||
0.128 | 0.065 ± 0.008 | ||
0.064 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | ||
0.32 | 0.004 ± 0.003 | ||
1.6 * | 0.003 ± 0.003 | ||
8.0 * | 0.000 ± 0.000 | ||
Hg2+ | 0.000000492 | 0.104 ± 0.015 | 0.000307 |
0.000002 | 0.103 ± 0.023 | ||
0.000012 | 0.113 ± 0.002 | ||
0.000061 | 0.108 ± 0.006 | ||
0.000307 | 0.121 ± 0.013 | ||
0.001536 * | 0.047 ± 0.014 | ||
0.00768 * | 0.000 ± 0.000 | ||
0.0384 * | 0.000 ± 0.000 | ||
0.192 * | 0.000 ± 0.000 | ||
0.96 * | 0.000 ± 0.000 | ||
4.8 * | 0.000 ± 0.000 |
Enzyme | Specific Enzyme Activity (mU/mg Protein) | Enzyme | Specific Enzyme Activity (mU/mg Protein) |
---|---|---|---|
Methane monooxygenase | 831.39 ± 167.97 | Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Butane/isobutane monooxygenase | 150.94 ± 21.95 | Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Propane/butane monooxygenase | 311.77 ± 62.99 | Protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Pentane monooxygenase | 0.00 ± 0.00 | Gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Phenol monooxygenase | 77.40 ± 4.50 | Hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase | 99.12 ± 12.92 |
Hydroquinone monooxygenase | 102.68 ± 14.24 | Hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase | 34.99 ± 2.91 | Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase | 249.47 ± 24.16 |
Laccase | 0.00 ± 0.00 | Peroxidase | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
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Marchlewicz, A.; Guzik, U.; Smułek, W.; Wojcieszyńska, D. Exploring the Degradation of Ibuprofen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b): The New Pathway and Factors Affecting Degradation. Molecules 2017, 22, 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101676
Marchlewicz A, Guzik U, Smułek W, Wojcieszyńska D. Exploring the Degradation of Ibuprofen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b): The New Pathway and Factors Affecting Degradation. Molecules. 2017; 22(10):1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101676
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarchlewicz, Ariel, Urszula Guzik, Wojciech Smułek, and Danuta Wojcieszyńska. 2017. "Exploring the Degradation of Ibuprofen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b): The New Pathway and Factors Affecting Degradation" Molecules 22, no. 10: 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101676