Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Fungal Organisms
3.2. Isolation of Essential Oil from Plant Material and Reference Compounds
3.3. Chemical Composition
3.3.1. Gas Chromatography (GC)
3.3.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
3.3.3. Identification of Individual Components
3.4. Antifungal Activity
3.5. Interaction Test by Checkboard Microdilution Assay
3.6. Germ Tube Inhibition Assay
3.7. Haemolytic Activity
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Compound * | RI | RI | % | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPB-1 a | SW 10 b | A | B | |
α-Thujene | 922 | 1029 | 0.1 | t |
α-Pinene | 930 | 1030 | 0.1 | t |
Sabinene | 964 | 1128 | 0.1 | t |
β-Pinene | 970 | 1118 | 0.1 | t |
Myrcene | 980 | 1161 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
p-Cymene | 1012 | 1272 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Limonene | 1020 | 1206 | 56.0 | 57.5 |
γ-Terpinene | 1046 | 1249 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
Nonanal | 1084 | 1393 | 0.1 | t |
Linalool | 1084 | 1541 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1158 | 1597 | t | t |
α-Terpineol | 1169 | 1692 | t | t |
cis-Carveol | 1206 | 1860 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Carvone | 1212 | 1728 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
E-p-Menth-1(7),8-dien-2-ol | 1167 | 1790 | t | t |
Z-p-Menth-1(7),8-dien-2-ol | 1240 | 1555 | t | 0.1 |
Methyleugenol | 1368 | 2012 | 35.0 | 35.9 |
E-Caryophyllene | 1408 | 1590 | 0.1 | t |
Germacrene-d | 1466 | 1699 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Myristicine | 1485 | 2253 | 0.1 | t |
Elemicine | 1516 | 2253 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 57.4 | 58.6 | ||
Oxygen containing monoterpenes | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 0.2 | 0.1 | ||
Phenylpropanoids | 36.3 | 37.0 | ||
Other compounds | 0.1 | t | ||
Total identified | 94.5 | 96.3 |
Essential Oil | Methyleugenol | (R)-(+)-Limonene | Fluconazole | Amphotericin B | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC a | MFC a | MIC a | MFC a | MIC a | MFC a | MIC b | MFC b | MIC b | MFC b | |||
Yeasts | ATCC | Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | 1.25 | 1.25–2.5 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 1 | >128 | - | - |
C. krusei ATCC 6258 | 0.64 | 1.25 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 64 | 64–128 | - | - | ||
C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 | 0.64–1.25 | 1.25 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 4 | >128 | - | - | ||
C. parapsilosis ATCC 90018 | 1.25 | 1.25–2.5 | 0.32–0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 1 | 1–2 | - | - | ||
Cryptococcus neoformans CECT 1078 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.32 | 0.32–0.64 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 16 | 128 | - | - | ||
Clinical isolates | C. albicans D5 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 64 | >128 | - | - | |
C. albicans M1 | 1.25 | 2.5 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 2 | 128 | - | - | ||
C. dubliniensis CD1 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 1 | >128 | - | - | ||
C. glabrata D10R | 1.25 | 2.5 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.32 | 0.32–0.64 | 32 | 32 | - | - | ||
Malassezia furfur P26 | 2.5 | 2.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Filamentous fungi | Dermatophytes | Epidermophyton floccosum FF9 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 16 | 16 | - | - |
Trichophyton rubrum CECT 2794 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.32 | 0.64 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 16 | 64 | - | - | ||
T. mentagrophytes FF7 | 0.64 | 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.32–0.64 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 16–32 | 32–64 | - | - | ||
T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale CECT 2958 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 128 | ≥128 | - | - | ||
T. verrucosum CECT 2992 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.16 | >128 | >128 | - | - | ||
Microsporum canis FF1 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 128 | 128 | - | - | ||
M. gypseum CECT 2908 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.32–0.64 | 0.08–0.16 | 0.08–0.16 | 128 | >128 | - | - | ||
Aspergillus species | Aspergillus flavus F44 | 1.25 | >5 | 0.64 | >2.5 | 0.32–0.64 | 0.64 | - | - | 2 | 8 | |
A. fumigatus ATCC 46645 | 1.25 | 1.25–2.5 | 0.32 | 1.25 | 0.32 | 0.32 | - | - | 2 | 4 | ||
A. niger ATCC 16404 | 0.64 | ≥5 | 0.64 | >2.5 | 0.32 | 0.64 | - | - | 1–2 | 4 |
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Pinto, E.; Gonçalves, M.-J.; Cavaleiro, C.; Salgueiro, L. Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species. Molecules 2017, 22, 1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101595
Pinto E, Gonçalves M-J, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species. Molecules. 2017; 22(10):1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101595
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Eugénia, Maria-José Gonçalves, Carlos Cavaleiro, and Lígia Salgueiro. 2017. "Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species" Molecules 22, no. 10: 1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101595