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Article

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Armed Thiophene Derivatives and Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) Analyses

by
Yahia Nasser Mabkhot
1,*,
Fatima Alatibi
1,
Nahed Nasser E. El-Sayed
1,2,
Salim Al-Showiman
1,
Nabila Abdelshafy Kheder
3,4,
Abdul Wadood
5,
Abdur Rauf
6,
Saud Bawazeer
7 and
Taibi Ben Hadda
8
1
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
2
National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Agouza, Giza 35521, Egypt
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
5
Department of Biochemistry, UCSS, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23250, Pakistan
6
Department of Geology, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Anbar 23561, Pakistan
7
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P. O. Box 42, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
8
LCM Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohamed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2016, 21(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020222
Submission received: 5 January 2016 / Revised: 28 January 2016 / Accepted: 1 February 2016 / Published: 17 February 2016
(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Tetrasubstituted 2-acetylthiophene derivative 5 was synthesized and then condensed with various nitrogen nucleophiles such as 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole, aniline or p-chloroaniline to afford the corresponding iminothiophene derivatives 6–8a,b. Condensation of thiophene 5 with malononitrile as carbon nucleophile afforded compound 9, which underwent nucleophilic addition with DMF-DMA to afford compound 10. The newly synthesized products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, MS, 1H-13C-NMR and CHN analysis and then evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Results of the in vitro antibacterial activity showed that thiophene derivative 7 was found to be more potent than the standard drug gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of these compounds showed potential antimicrobial activities. Molecular docking and Osiris/Molinspiration analyses show the crucial role and impact of substituents on bioactivity and indicate the unfavorable structural parameters in actual drug design: more substitution with electronic donor group doesn’t guarantee more effective bioactivity. This study should greatly help in an intelligent and a controlled pharmacomodulation of antibiotics.

1. Introduction

The thiophene ring is present in numerous pharmacologically important compounds and natural products [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Highly substituted thiophenes have been synthesized by various methodologies and examined for diverse pharmacological activities [8,9,10,11,12]. These include the antiallergic agent methaphenilene, the anticonvulsant tiagabine, and biotin which is used for preventing and treating biotin deficiency associated with pregnancy (Figure 1).
1,2,4-Triazoles are useful key subunits which found applications in diverse therapeutic fields as antibacterial [13,14], antifungal [15], analgesic [16], anti-inflammatory [17] and anticancer agents [18]. In addition, benzimidazoles are important structural motifs of a variety of biologically active compounds with antibacterial [19], antiviral [20], anticancer [21,22], antifungal [23], and antioxidant properties [24].
Prompted by these findings and as a continuation of our research program on the chemistry of thiophene derivatives [25,26,27,28], we report herein the synthesis using simple experimental procedures of some novel thiophene derivatives obtained using the readily accessible 2-acetylthiophene derivative 5 and incorporating triazole, benzimidazole, and substituted aniline moieties. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compound were also investigated. A comparison between experiment and theoretical predictions of the antibacterial activity has enabled us to identify alternative combined pharmacophore sites structures. The nature of pharmacophore site assignment of the thiophene compounds was based on their docking and Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analyses.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

Preparation of the target compound 5 started with the reaction of ethyl benzoylacetate (1) with phenyl isothiocyanate in the presence of K2CO3 and DMF as a solvent to afford the intermediate ketene N,S-acetal salt 2. Treatment of the potassium salt 2 with chloroacetone gave the desired ethyl 5-acetyl-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (5) in good yield (Scheme 1).
The reaction proceeds via nucleophilic displacement of chloride to give S-alkylated intermediate 3, followed by nucleophilic addition of the anion of the CH2 group to the carbonyl group of the benzoyl moiety to give the intermediate 4. The latter is converted into the thiophene derivative 5 via loss of a water molecule (Scheme 1).
The structure of tetrasubstitutedthiophene 5 was established on the basis of its elemental analyses and spectral data. The IR spectrum of compound 5 showed absorption bands at 3229, 1656, and 1623 cm−1 due to NH and two carbonyl functions. The 1H-NMR spectrum of 5 showed a triplet signal at δ 0.66 (J = 7.1 Hz) due to CH3 protons, a quartet signal at δ 3.84 (J = 7.1 Hz) due to CH2 protons. The spectrum showed also other proton signals at δ 1.67 and 10.96 (D2O-exchangeable) ppm for CH3 and NH, respectively, in addition to aromatic multiplets at δ 7.10–7.40 ppm. Also, its 13C-NMR spectral data also confirmed the assigned structure and revealed the presence of 17 signals as expected.
The reactivity of acetylthiophene 5 towards various nitrogen nucleophiles was then investigated as depicted in Scheme 2. Accordingly, treatment of acetylthiophene 5 with 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 2-aminobenzoimidazole, aniline or 4-chloroaniline under reflux in the presence of TEA, ZnCl2 and EtOH as solvent furnished in each case, one isolable product (as verified by TLC). The reaction products were identified as iminothiophene derivatives 6–8a,b (Scheme 2). Formation of these imino derivatives was confirmed based on their IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data.
Knoevengel condensation of thiophene 5 with malononitrile gave thiophene derivative 9 (Scheme 3). Heating thiophene 9 with DMF/DMA afforded enaminone 10. The structures of thiophene derivatives 9 and 10 were confirmed using their IR, 1H-NMR and MS. The IR spectra of products 6–8a,b revealed absence of absorption bands due to the ketone carbonyl group of the starting material and the appearance of new absorption bands due to the C=N group in the 1590–1625 cm−1 region. 1H-NMR spectrum of imino derivative 6 or 7 showed two D2O exchangeable signals due to two NH protons. Furthermore, mass spectra for compounds 6 and 7 showed the molecular ion peak at m/z 431 and at m/z 480 (4.9%), respectively.
The 1H-NMR spectrum of thiophene 10 revealed the presence of the two methyl groups of the dimethylamino moiety, as indicated by the presence of two singlet signals at δ 3.3 and 3.1 ppm. In addition to this, it revealed the presence of the characteristic two signals for the olefinic protons at δ 6.9 and 5.3 (J = 12 Hz).

2.2. Antimicrobial Evaluation

We investigated in vitro antibacterial activity of the newly synthesized compounds against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria known to cause infections in humans. The antifungal activity of these compounds was also evaluated against four fungal species. Diameter of the inhibition zone was used as a criterion for the antimicrobial activity using a well diffusion agar method. We also included standard antimicrobial agents in the same assay to compare the potency of the tested compounds. The results are depicted in Table 1 and Table 2.
Results of the in vitro antibacterial activity revealed that compounds 7, 8a and 8b had the best antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria (Table 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). It is widely known that Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobial agents than are Gram-positive ones [29]. This intrinsic resistance is attributed to the lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which acts as an efficient permeability barrier [30,31]. This, on the other hands, makes the results of the synthesized thiophene derivatives against Pseudomonas aeruginosa very promising. Also, the results in Table 1 revealed that thiophene derivative 7 was found to be more potent than the standard drug gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Data from the antifungal evaluation have shown that compounds 7, 8a, 8b and 10 were also active against the four tested fungal species (Figure 4, Table 2). The results suggest that the new skeletons possessing benzimidazole and thiophene moieties may provide valuable leads for the synthesis and development of novel antimicrobial agents.

2.3. Molecular Docking

Molecular docking is used to predict the binding mode of ligands within the binding site of target proteins [32]. To validate and specify the target protein for the antifungal and antibacterial activity of the newly synthesized tetrasubstituted thiophene derivatives, like in a previous study, nine different target proteins i.e., dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (PDB ID 4HOF), secreted aspartic protease (PDB ID 3Q70) and N-myristoyl transferase (PDB ID 1IYL) from Candida albicans were selected as antifungal targets, whereas for anti-bacterial targets dihydrofolate reductase (PDB ID 3FYV), gyrase B (PDB ID 4URM) and sortase A (PDB ID 2MLM) from Staphyllococcus aureus and rhomboid protease (PDB ID 3ZMI) from Escherichia coli were downloaded from the Protein Data Bank. All the tetrasubstituted thiophene derivatives were docked into the active site of these nine selected target proteins. After analysis of the docking results it was found that these compounds showed good interactions with two target proteins, i.e., dihydrofolate reductase from C. albicans and rhomboid protease from E. coli, while showing very poor interaction or no interactions with the rest of the target proteins. Therefore, the binding mode of these compounds within the active sites of dihyrofolate reductase and rhomboid protease were studied in more detail.
The docking results showed that all the compounds fit well in the binding pockets of dihydrofolate reductase and rhomboid protease target proteins. In the case of compound 5, good interactions with the dihydrofolate reductase and rhomboid protease were observed. As shown in Figure 5, compound 5 established two hydrogen bonds with important active site residues (Gly20 and Ile112) and a number of hydrophobic and van der Waals (VDW) interactions with active site residues (Ala11, Met25 and Phe36 etc.) of dihydrofolate reducatase.
Furthermore, the phenyl ring of the compound formed arene-cation interactions with the active site residue Thr58. Similarly, the docking conformation of compound 5 in the active site of rhomboid protease showed good interactions with the active site residues of this protein. Compound 5 formed three hydrogen bonds with active site residues (Trp157, Met249 and His254) and hydrophobic and VDW interactions with the active site residues (Phe153, Ala239 and Phe245 etc.) of rhomboid protease (Figure 6). Compound 5 also interacted with active site residue Tyr 205 via arene-arene interactions. This strong hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the active site residues of dihydrofolate reductase and rhomboid protease might be one of the reasons for good antifungal and antibacterial activities shown by this compound in the series. Like compound 5, good interactions for compounds 8a, 8b and 9 were observed with the active site residues of dihydrofolate reductase. With compounds 7 and 10 poor interactions were observed with the active site residues of dihydrofolate reductase. For example, as shown in Figure 7 only one hydrogen bond was established between compound 7 and the active site residues of the target protein. The poor interactions and comparatively low antifungal activities of compounds 7 and 10 might be due to the presence of a more bulky moiety attached to the thiophene ring as compare to compound 5. Similarly, poor interactions of compounds 7, 8a, and 10 with the active site residues of rhomboid protease were observed. As shown in Figure 8, compound 7 which showed less anti-bacterial activity in the series established two hydrogen bonds and few hydrophobic interactions as compared to compound 5 (Figure 6). Overall the docking results showed that the bulky moieties attached to the thiophene ring of compounds 7, 8a and 10 might be one of the reasons for their poor interactions and low antifungal and antibacterial activities as compared to compound 5.
The docking results are unable to explain the good antifungal activity of compound 8b with a similar bulky group attached to the thiophene ring of the compound as 8a. On the other hand, we have noted the crucial role and the impact of the electronic effect of chlorine atom of the 4-Cl-phenyl group of 8b, displaying an electro-donor mesomeric effect (+M), on the antifungal activity (10.9 < % inhibition < 21.5) and (12.3 < % inhibition < 22.8 ) for compounds 8b and 8a respectively (Table 2).
This means that any supplementary negative surcharge on the nitrogen atom will not beneficial for a perfect cis geometric structure of the antifungal pharmacophore site. This is the most notable result of this work, see Figure 9.

2.4. POM Analyses

One of the practical problems associated with clinical drugs is the existence of various side effects. For a molecule to be potential drug, besides having a good biological activity, it must have good pharmacokinetic properties in human biological systems. To access the pharmacokinetic profile of the tested compounds, we employed well established in silico tools such as Osiris, Petra, and Molinspiration, validated with about 7000 drug molecules available in databases [33].

2.4.1. Osiris Calculations

Structure-based design is now a fairly routine procedure and many potential drugs do not qualify for clinic trials because of ADME-Tox liabilities. One very important class of enzymes, responsible for many ADMET problems, are the P450 cytochromes. Inhibition of these or production of unwanted metabolites can result in many adverse drug reactions. Of the most important program, Osiris is already available online [33] and very useful for its design/prediction of various activities. In our recent publications [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43] on the drug design of various pharmacophore sites by using spiro-heterocyclic structures, we have predicted activity and/or inhibition with increasing success in two targets, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV. This is done by using a combined electronic/structure docking procedure. The remarkable mutagenicity of divers synthetic molecules classified in the CELERON (Allschwil, Switzerland) database [33], can be used to quantify the role of various organic groups in promoting or interfering the way a drug can associate with DNA [33].
The OSIRIS Property Explorer data shown on this page is an integral part of Actelion’s in-house substance registration system. It allows drawing chemical structures and also calculates various drug-relevant properties whenever a structure is valid. Prediction results are color coded in which the red color shows high risks with undesired effects like mutagenicity or a poor intestinal absorption and a green color indicates drug-conforming behaviour (Table 3).
Although two combined antibacterial and antifungal pharmacophore sites coexist in these molecules (Figure 10), the selected compounds of series 5–10 showed low to moderate drug scores (DS < 0.50) as compared with the standard drugs used, confirmed by Osiris (Table 3) and Molinspiration (Table 4) calculations. This low bioactivity is due to low hydrosolubility which has a direct impact on bioavailability. In fact most of tested compounds suffer of high cLogP (cLogP must <5) as it was described by the Lipinski “rule of five”).

2.4.2. Molinspiration Calculations

cLogP (octanol/water partition coefficient) is calculated by the methodology developed by Molinspiration and Osiris as a sum of fragment-based contributions and correction factors [44]. The method is very robust and is able to process practically all organic- and organometallic-based molecules. Molecular Polar Surface Area Total Polar Surface Area (TPSA) is calculated by the methodology published by Ertl et al. [44] as a sum of fragment contributions. O- and N-centered polar fragments are considered. PSA has been shown to be a very good descriptor characterizing drug absorption, including intestinal absorption, bioavailability, Caco-2 permeability and blood-brain barrier penetration. Prediction results of the tested compounds of series 5–10 with molecular properties (TPSA, GPCR ligand and Ion Channel Modulation (ICM)) are recorded in Table 4. Most of tested compounds have one NH---O or N---HO interactions, too low in comparison with number of NH/O of standard drugs (SD1 and SD2). This explains why most of compounds represent low bioavailability. Drug likeness of series 5–10 seems correct and in same range of standard drugs (negative values).
As a result of this information, some prospective leads are under construction in our laboratories (Figure 11). We must avoid the problem of solubility by incorporating more hydroxyl groups on various aryl and heterocyclic groups.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Chemistry

3.1.1. General Information

All the chemicals were purchased from various suppliers, including Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and were used without further purification, unless otherwise stated. Melting points were measured on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus in open glass capillaries and are uncorrected IR Spectra were measured using KBr disc technique at spectral laboratories in King Saud University 6700 FT-IR spectrophotometer. The 1H-NMR (400 MHz), and 13C-NMR (100 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Jeol-400 NMR spectrometer in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO-d6). Chemical shifts are referred in terms of ppm and J-coupling constants are given in Hz. Mass spectra were recorded on a Jeol JMS-600 H machine. Elemental analysis was carried out on Perkin Elmer 2400 Elemental Analyzer; CHN mode. The biological evaluations of the products were carried out in the Medical Mycology Laboratory of the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology of Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

3.1.2. Synthetic Procedures

Ethyl 5-Acetyl-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (5)
To a stirred solution of anhydrous potassium carbonate (10 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added ethylbenzoyl acetate (1, 10 mmol). After stirring for 1 h, phenyl isothiocyanate (10 mmol) was added to the resulting mixture. Stirring was continued for 2 h, and then chloroacetone (10 mmol) was added portionwise over a period of 30 min. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 12 h. The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL), and the solid product formed was filtered off, washed with EtOH and dried, Recrystallization from EtOH afforded compound 5 as a pale yellow powder (95%), mp 151–153 °C; IR (KBr) νmax 3229 (NH), 1656 (C=O), 1623 (C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 10.69 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 7.10–7.40 (m, 10H, ArH), 3.84 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.67 (s, 3H, CH3CO), 0.66 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.1Hz); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 190.55 (CO-CH3), 165.54 (COO), 162.67, 146.16, 146.03, 138.67, 136.57, 128.49, 127.40, 126.99, 126.11, 123.49, 118.93, 108.99 (C-Ar), 58.71 (O-CH2-CH3), 27.51 (CO-CH3), 12.00 (O-CH2-CH3), MS m/z (%) 367 (2.9%), 366 (9.9%), 365 (M+, 38.7%), 114 (99.9%). Anal. Calcd for C21H19NO3S (365.45): C, 69.02; H, 5.24; N, 3.83. Found: 69.13; H, 5.35; N, 3.77%.

General Procedure for the Condensation of Thiophene Derivative 5 with Heterocyclic or Aromatic Amines

To a solution of compound 5 (0.365 g, 1 mmol) and 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 2-amino-benzimidazole, aniline or 4-chloroaniline (1 mmol) in in absolute ethanol (10 mL) was added ZnCl2 (0.1 g) and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 6–7 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was triturated with EtOH, filtered off, washed with EtOH and finally purified by recrystallization from EtOH to give the corresponding condensation products 6–8.
Ethyl 5-(1-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-ylimino)ethyl)-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino) thiophene-3-carboxylate (6). White powder (45%), mp < 300 °C; IR (KBr) νmax: 3466 (NH), 3233 (NH), 1656 (C=O), 1590 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 10.71 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 8.11 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 7.38–7.14 (m, 11H, ArH), 3.88 (q, 2H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.1 Hz,), 2.50 (s, 3H, N=C-CH3), 0.71 (t, 3H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.1 Hz,); MS m/z (%) 434 (9.1%), 433 (27.8%), 431 (M+, 99.9%). Anal. Calcd for C23H21N5O2S (431.51): C, 64.02; H, 4.91; N, 16.23. Found: 64.11; H, 4.86; N, 16.28%.
Ethyl 5-(1-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylimino)ethyl)-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (7). Yellow powder (56%), mp < 300 °C; IR (KBr) νmax: 3427 (NH), 1655 (C=O), 1624 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 10.71 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 8.03 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 7.43–7.13 (m, 14H, ArH), 3.89 (q, 2H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.2 Hz,), 1.72 (s, 3H, CH3-C=N), 0.71 (t, 3H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.2 Hz); MS m/z (%) 480 (M+, 4.9%). Anal. Calcd for C28H24N4O2S (480.58): C, 69.98; H, 5.03; N, 11.66. Found: C, 69.87; H, 5.12; N, 11.56%.
Ethyl 4-Phenyl-2-(phenylamino)-5-(1-(phenylimino)ethyl)thiophene-3-carboxylate (8a). Green powder (90%), mp 160–162 °C; IR (KBr) νmax: 3418 (NH), 1655 (C=O), 1604 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 10.71 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 7.44–6.68 (m, 15H, ArH), 3.89 (q, 2H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.3 Hz,), 1.71 (s, 3H, CH3-C=N), 0.72 (t, 3H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.3 Hz); MS m/z (%) 442 (2.7%), 441 (8.5%), 440 (M+, 5.5%). Anal. Calcd for C27H24N2O2S (440.56): C, 73.61; H, 5.49; N, 6.36. Found: C, 73.72; H, 5.38; N, 6.44%.
Ethyl 5-(1-(4-Chlorophenylimino)ethyl)-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (8b). Yellowish white powder (98%) , mp 169–171 °C; IR (KBr) νmax 3468 (NH), 1654 (C=O), 1625 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 10.72 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 7.43–7.03 (m, 10H, ArH), 7.33 (d, 2H, J = 6 Hz), 7.23 (d, 2H, J = 6 Hz), 3.88 (q, 2H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.1 Hz,), 1.71 (s, 3H, CH3), 0.72 (t, 3H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.1 Hz,). Anal. Calcd for C27H23N2O2SCl (475.0): C, 68.27; H, 4.88; N, 5.90. Found: C, 68.33; H, 4.76; N, 5.79
Ethyl 5-(1,1-Dicyanoprop-1-en-2-yl)-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (9)
To solution of thiophene 5 (0.365 g, 1 mmol) and malononitrile (0.066 g, 1 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) few drops of piperidine were added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 5 h. The resulting solid product was collected by filtration, dried and recrystallized from ethanol to afford a purple powder in 87% yield, mp 159–161 °C; IR (KBr) νmax 3466 (NH), 2366 (C≡N), 1656 (C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 10.71 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 7.40–7.38 (m, 10H, ArH), 3.89 (q, 2 H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.0 Hz), 2.31 (s, 3H, CH3), 0.72 (t, 3H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.0 Hz). Anal. Calcd for C24H19N3O2S (413.49): C, 69.71; H, 4.63; N, 10.16. Found: 69.65; H, 4.56; N, 10.22%.
Ethyl 5-(1,1-Dicyano-4-(dimethylamino)buta-1,3-dien-2-yl)-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (10)
A mixture of compound 9 (1.5 g, 5 mmol) and DMF-DMA (2 mL) was heated under reflux for 8 h, then left to cool to room temperature. The dark yellow precipitate was filtered off, washed with petroleum ether, and dried. Re-crystallization from EtOH to afford compound 10. Yellow powder (82%) yield, mp. 168–170 °C; IR (KBr) νmax 3451 (NH), 2370 (C≡N), 2340 (C≡N), 1666 (C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 10.71 (s, 1H, D2O exchangeable, NH), 7.43–7.14 (m, 10H, ArH), 6.9 (d, 1H, J = 12.1 Hz, N-CH=CH), 5.3 (d, 1H, J = 12.1 Hz, N-CH=CH), 3.89 (q, 2 H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.33 (s, 3H, CH3-N), 3.19 (s, 3H, CH3-N), 0.72 (t, 3H, OCH2-CH3, J = 7.2 Hz,); MS m/z (%) 468 (M+, 8.8%), 134 (99.9%), 107 (91%), 55 (89.3%), 83 (96%). Anal. Calcd for C27H24N4O2S (468.57): C, 69.21; H, 5.16; N, 11.96. Found: 69.33; H, 5.25; N, 11.88%.

3.2. Antimicrobial Activity

3.2.1. Antibacterial Activity

In vitro antibacterial screening tests of the synthesized compound was carried out against four bacterial strains: two Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillis subtilis) and two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The disc diffusion method [45,46] was used in this assay and each experiment was performed in triplicate. Readings of the zone of inhibition, which are shown in Table 1, represent the mean value of three readings. Ampicillin and gentamicin were used as standard drugs in this assay. The data obtained show that the compounds have good antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity and inhibition zone around the tested compound can be caused by their bactericide effects (killing the bacteria) or by their bacteriostatic effects (inhibiting multiplication of bacteria by blocking their active sites on surface or inside bacterial cell).

3.2.2. Antifungal Activity

The synthesized thiophene derivatives 5, 7, 8a–b, 9 and 10, were subjected to in vitro antifungal activity against four fungal strains (Aspergillus fumigates, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Geotricum candidum and Candida albicans) using the disk dilution method [47]. The results are shown in Table 2. Amphotericin B was used as a standard drug. Percentage inhibition value of biological active samples was evaluated by following formula:
PIFG = [GDTC/GDC] × 100
PIFG: Percent inhibition of fungal growth. GDTC: Growth diameter in test compound (mm). GDC: Growt diameter in control (mm).
It is concluded from the antibacterial and antifungal activities that the compounds show good antibacterial and antifungal activities so they may be used as potential antimicrobial drug leads.

4. Conclusions

Armed derivatives of thiophene were synthesized in moderate to excellent yield of 6–7 is not “excellent” using ethyl 5-acetyl-4-phenyl-2-(phenyl-amino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (5) as principal precursor. The tested compounds, thiophene analogs armed at different positions namely at C3, C5 and substituted at C2 and C3 in the thiophene subunit were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungus. The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis suggested that the introduction of appropriate substituent groups at position 5 of the thiophene ring enhanced the antibacterial activities of these compounds. Most of the newly synthesized products have promising antimicrobial activity, comparable to the first line standard drugs. Although we did our best to build the most efficient bioactive leads, extensive synthesis in the analogue series of compounds 5–10 is still needed in order to revise some of the structural shortcomings of the pharmacophoric sites and to produce more efficient drugs on the basis of a POM-guided better understanding of the relationship between the physicochemical properties and biological activity observed for these compounds.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this Prolific Research group (PRG-1437-29).

Author Contributions

Y.N.M. conceived and designed the experiments; F.A. and N.N.A. performed the experiments; N.A.K. and Y.Y. analyzed the bioactivity; A.W. contributed in docking and analysis tools; A.R. and S.B. edited the paper and T.B.H. executed computational POM analyses.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interests.

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Molecules 21 00222 g001 550
Figure 1. Example of important bioactive thiophenes.
Figure 1. Example of important bioactive thiophenes.
Molecules 21 00222 g001
Molecules 21 00222 g012 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of ethyl 5-acetyl-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (5).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of ethyl 5-acetyl-4-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)thiophene-3-carboxylate (5).
Molecules 21 00222 g012
Molecules 21 00222 g013 550
Scheme 2. Condensation of acetyl thiophene 5 with various nitrogen nucleophiles.
Scheme 2. Condensation of acetyl thiophene 5 with various nitrogen nucleophiles.
Molecules 21 00222 g013
Molecules 21 00222 g014 550
Scheme 3. Synthesis of thiophene derivatives 9 and 10.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of thiophene derivatives 9 and 10.
Molecules 21 00222 g014
Molecules 21 00222 g002 550
Figure 2. Activity of the synthesized thiophene derivativesagainstGram positive bacteria.
Figure 2. Activity of the synthesized thiophene derivativesagainstGram positive bacteria.
Molecules 21 00222 g002
Molecules 21 00222 g003 550
Figure 3. Activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives against Gram negative bacteria.
Figure 3. Activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives against Gram negative bacteria.
Molecules 21 00222 g003
Molecules 21 00222 g004 550
Figure 4. Antifungal activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives.
Figure 4. Antifungal activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives.
Molecules 21 00222 g004
Molecules 21 00222 g005 550
Figure 5. Molecular docking conformation of compound 5 in the active site of C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase protein (PDB ID 4HOF) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Figure 5. Molecular docking conformation of compound 5 in the active site of C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase protein (PDB ID 4HOF) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Molecules 21 00222 g005
Molecules 21 00222 g006 550
Figure 6. Molecular docking conformation of compound 5 in the active site of rhomboid protease of E. coli (PDB ID 3ZMI) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Figure 6. Molecular docking conformation of compound 5 in the active site of rhomboid protease of E. coli (PDB ID 3ZMI) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Molecules 21 00222 g006
Molecules 21 00222 g007 550
Figure 7. Molecular docking conformation of compound 7 in the active site of C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase protein (PDB ID 4HOF) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Figure 7. Molecular docking conformation of compound 7 in the active site of C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase protein (PDB ID 4HOF) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Molecules 21 00222 g007
Molecules 21 00222 g008 550
Figure 8. Molecular docking conformation of compound 7 in the active site of rhomboid protease of E. coli (PDB ID 3ZMI) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Figure 8. Molecular docking conformation of compound 7 in the active site of rhomboid protease of E. coli (PDB ID 3ZMI) showing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Molecules 21 00222 g008
Molecules 21 00222 g009 550
Figure 9. Impact of electronic positive mesomeric effect on geometry and antifungal activity of molecule 8b.
Figure 9. Impact of electronic positive mesomeric effect on geometry and antifungal activity of molecule 8b.
Molecules 21 00222 g009
Molecules 21 00222 g010 550
Figure 10. Repartition of partial π-charges of N, O and S atoms of compounds 5–10. The possible antibacterial and antifungal pharmacophores are marked in red and blue color, respectively.
Figure 10. Repartition of partial π-charges of N, O and S atoms of compounds 5–10. The possible antibacterial and antifungal pharmacophores are marked in red and blue color, respectively.
Molecules 21 00222 g010
Molecules 21 00222 g011a 550Molecules 21 00222 g011b 550
Figure 11. Prospective molecules.
Figure 11. Prospective molecules.
Molecules 21 00222 g011aMolecules 21 00222 g011b
Table
Table 1. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives 5, 7, 8a–b, 9 and 10.
Table 1. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives 5, 7, 8a–b, 9 and 10.
CompoundGram Positive BacteriaGram Negative Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniaeBacillis subtilisPseudomonas aeruginosaEscherichia coli
513.7 ± 0.3110.5 ± 0.3211.7 ± 0.4112.5 ± 0.48
718.3 ± 0.2522.6 ± 0.4419.3 ± 0.5217.8 ± 0.44
8a19.5 ± 0.4429.8 ± 0.5812.3 ± 0.2517.6 ± 0.19
8b17.8 ± 0.5820.1 ± 0.3910.9 ± 0.3115.3 ± 0.32
914.1 ± 0.5216.3 ± 0.4811.1 ± 0.4211.4 ± 0.37
1013.1 ± 0.4310.8 ± 0.3913.4 ± 0.3412.3 ± 0.47
Ampicillin23.8 ± 0.2032.4 ± 0.30--
Gentamicin--17.3 ± 0.1119.9 ± 0.30
Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Table
Table 2. Antifungal activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives 5, 7, 8a–b, 9 and 10.
Table 2. Antifungal activity of the synthesized thiophene derivatives 5, 7, 8a–b, 9 and 10.
CompoundFungal Strains [a]
Aspergillus fumigatesSyncephalastrum racemosumGeotricum candidumCandida albicans
513.8 ± 0.4214.1 ± 0.3513.2 ± 0.3410.8 ± 0.22
720.6 ± 0.5816.7 ± 0.3322.4 ± 0.3617.6 ± 0.58
8a22.3 ± 0.2516.5 ± 0.2525.8 ± 0.5812.3 ± 0.35
8b20.6 ± 0.3514.8 ± 0.3421.5 ± 0.6210.9 ± 0.18
914.8 ± 0.4215.3 ± 0.5114.8 ± 0.4611.9 ± 0.38
1019.8 ± 0.6316.8 ± 0.4613.9 ± 0.4814.6 ± 0.50
SD [b]23.7 ± 0.119.7 ± 0.228.7 ± 0.225.4 ± 0.1
[a] Data are expressed as mean ± SD; [b] SD: Standard Drug (amphotericin B).
Table
Table 3. Osiris calculations of compounds 5, 8a, 8b, 9, l0 and standard drugs SD1, 2.
Table 3. Osiris calculations of compounds 5, 8a, 8b, 9, l0 and standard drugs SD1, 2.
CompoundMWToxicity Risks [a]Drug-Score [b]
MUTTUMOIRRIREPCLPSDLDS
5365 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i0015.10−6.56−2.100.22
7480 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i0016.51−8.26−0.960.15
8a440 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i0016.54−7.78−2.010.15
8b474 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i0017.14−8.52−2.940.12
9413 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i0015.63−6.94−10.610.16
10468 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i002 Molecules 21 00222 i0015.13−6.56−9.780.14
SD1 [c]349 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001−0.04−1.5710.720.91
SD2 [c]477 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001 Molecules 21 00222 i001−4.03−1.184.880.77
Molecules 21 00222 i003: not toxic, Molecules 21 00222 i004: slightly toxic; [a] MUT: mutagenic, TUMO: tumorigenic, IRRI: irritant, REP: reproductive effective; [b] CLP: cLogP, S: Solubility, DL: Druglikness, DS: Drug-Score; [c] Standard drugs (SD1: ampicillin, SD2: gentamicin).
Table
Table 4. Molinspiration calculations of compounds 5, 8a, 8b, 9, l0 and standard drugs SD1,2.
Table 4. Molinspiration calculations of compounds 5, 8a, 8b, 9, l0 and standard drugs SD1,2.
CompoundPhysico-Chemical Properties [a]Drug Likeness [b]
TPSAONHVIOLROTBVOLGPCICMKINRLPIEI
555117327−0.48−0.53−0.38−0.54−0.76−0.46
775119434−0.47−0.46−0.35−0.54−0.68−0.29
8a51118403−0.42−0.51−0.30−0.40−0.69−0.33
8b51118416−0.41−0.50−0.30−0.41−0.70−0.35
986117369−0.48−0.50−0.26−0.36−0.58−0.34
1089119426−0.43−0.48−0.25−0.46−0.56−0.34
SD1 [c]11340-299−0.56−0.55−0.90−0.87NCNC
SD2 [c]206122-454−0.46−0.24−0.76−1.05NCNC
[a] TPSA: Total polar surface area, ONH: O---HN or OH---N interaction, VIOL: number of violations, VOL: volume; [b] ICM: Ion channel modulator, KI: Kinase inhibitor, NRL: Nuclear receptor ligand, PI: Protease inhibitor, EI: Enzyme inhibitor. NC: not calculated; [c] Standard drugs (SD1: ampicillin, SD2: gentamicin).
  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 5–10 are available from the authors.

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Mabkhot, Y.N.; Alatibi, F.; El-Sayed, N.N.E.; Al-Showiman, S.; Kheder, N.A.; Wadood, A.; Rauf, A.; Bawazeer, S.; Hadda, T.B. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Armed Thiophene Derivatives and Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) Analyses. Molecules 2016, 21, 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020222

AMA Style

Mabkhot YN, Alatibi F, El-Sayed NNE, Al-Showiman S, Kheder NA, Wadood A, Rauf A, Bawazeer S, Hadda TB. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Armed Thiophene Derivatives and Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) Analyses. Molecules. 2016; 21(2):222. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020222

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mabkhot, Yahia Nasser, Fatima Alatibi, Nahed Nasser E. El-Sayed, Salim Al-Showiman, Nabila Abdelshafy Kheder, Abdul Wadood, Abdur Rauf, Saud Bawazeer, and Taibi Ben Hadda. 2016. "Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Armed Thiophene Derivatives and Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) Analyses" Molecules 21, no. 2: 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020222

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