Insights on the Formulation of Herbal Beverages with Medicinal Claims According with Their Antioxidant Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Biomolecules with Antioxidant Activity
Samples | DPPH scavenging activity a | Reducing power a | β-Carotene bleaching inhibition a | TBARS inhibition a | Phenolics (mg ClAE/mL) a | Flavonoids (mg CE/mL) a | Flavonols (mg QE/mL) a | Tartaric esters (mg CAE/mL) a | Ascorbic acid (mg/mL) a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-Gt/B | 3.01 ± 0.16 h | 31.2 ± 0.2 g | 1.9 ± 0.3 h | 203 ± 12 a | 0.74 ± 0.05 e | 0.127 ± 0.003 d | 0.020 ± 0.001 g | 0.038 ± 0.002 cde | 7.0 ± 0.2 a |
I-GtH/B | 56 ± 4 b | 118.0 ± 0.4 b | 11.7 ± 0.5 ef | 143 ± 17 b | 1.96 ± 0.02 a | 0.25 ± 0.01 b | 0.077 ± 0.001 b | 0.086 ± 0.003 a | 0.249 ± 0.001 gh |
I-GtL/B | 3 ± 1 h | 22.9 ± 0.4 i | 2.8 ± 0.4 gh | 83 ± 6 ef | 0.77 ± 0.01 e | 0.109 ± 0.004 e | 0.047 ± 0.001 d | 0.042 ± 0.002 cd | 2.20 ± 0.03 c |
I-Gt/Lv | 19.2 ± 0.4 fg | 25.5 ± 0.2 h | 2.7 ± 0.2 gh | 76 ± 1 f | 0.96 ± 0.02 d | 0.06 ± 0.02 f | 0.020 ± 0.002 g | 0.011 ± 0.001 i | 0.77 ± 0.04 d |
I-Rt/B | 2.0 ± 0.3 h | 12 ± 2 k | 2.0 ± 0.4 h | 16 ± 2 hi | 0.56 ± 0.02 g | 0.164 ± 0.005 c | 0.110 ± 0.004 a | 0.077 ± 0.004 b | 0.08 ± 0.01 ij |
I-Bt/R | 1.6 ± 0.2 b | 1.016 ± 0.004 p | 1.3 ± 0.2 h | 1.5 ± 0.1 i | 0.024 ± 0.002 j | 0.015 ± 0.001 h | 0.005 ± 0.001 k | 0.005 ± 0.002 j | 0.12 ± 0.02 ij |
S-Gt/G1 | 36 ± 5 d | 47.3 ± 0.3 d | 45 ± 8 b | 133 ± 25 bcd | 0.6 ± 0.2 g | 0.060 ± 0.001 f | 0.022 ± 0.001 g | 0.03 ± 0.01 defg | 0.396 ± 0.002 ef |
S-Gt/G2 | 24 ± 1 e | 39.9 ± 0.1 e | 3.7 ± 0.4 gh | 123 ± 10 cd | 0.73 ± 0.02 e | 0.058 ± 0.005 f | 0.041 ± 0.004 e | 0.036 ± 0.004 cdef | 0.32 ± 0.01 fg |
S-Gt/P1 | 27 ± 1 e | 40.9 ± 0.2 e | 20 ± 2 d | 137 ± 16 bc | 0.63 ± 0.01 fg | 0.55 ± 0.01 a | 0.030 ± 0.002 f | 0.031 ± 0.003 efg | 0.434 ± 0.005 e |
S-Gt/P2 | 20 ± 5 f | 35 ± 1 f | 8 ± 1 fg | 144 ± 12 b | 0.40 ± 0.01 h | 0.155 ± 0.005 c | 0.019 ± 0.001 gh | 0.019 ± 0.002 hi | 0.480 ± 0.003 e |
D-Gt/E | 149 ± 5 a | 197.1 ± 0.5 a | 12 ± 1 ef | 118 ± 3 d | 0.64 ± 0.02 fg | 0.14 ± 0.01 d | 0.053 ± 0.002 c | 0.043 ± 0.003 c | 0.047 ± 0.001 j |
D-GtH/L | 52 ± 2 c | 6.64 ± 0.02 m | 36 ± 5 c | 73 ± 15 f | 1.52 ± 0.05 b | 0.155 ± 0.005 c | 0.014 ± 0.001 i | 0.033 ± 0.001 efg | 2.88 ± 0.02 b |
D-GtL/L | 15 ± 1 g | 21.7 ± 0.2 j | 59 ± 4 a | 100 ± 17 e | 1.02 ± 0.01 d | 0.028 ± 0.001 gh | 0.015 ± 0.001 hi | 0.028 ± 0.001 fg | 0.13 ± 0.01 ij |
D-Ga/L | 1.89 ± 0.03 h | 57 ± 1 c | 2.6 ± 0.2 gh | 53 ± 2 g | 0.41 ± 0.02 h | 0.127 ± 0.003 d | 0.018 ± 0.001 gh | 0.015 ± 0.003 i | 2.87 ± 0.1 b |
D-PRb/L | 1.89 ± 0.03 h | 8.70 ± 0.04 l l | 35 ± 2 c | 30 ± 1 h | 1.44 ± 0.02 b | 0.032 ± 0.002 g | 0.022 ± 0.001 g | 0.025 ± 0.002 gh | 0.43 ± 0.01 e |
D-Rt/L | 3.38 ± 0.67 h | 5.1 ± 0.1 n | 13 ± 1 e | 17 ± 2 hi | 0.20 ± 0.01 i | 0.032 ± 0.001 g | 0.019 ± 0.001 gh | 0.027 ± 0.002 fgh | 0.14 ± 0.01 ij |
D-Bt/L | 36.8 ± 0.4 d | 11.3 ± 0.1 k | 13.8 ± 0.4 e | 21 ± 4 h | 1.11 ± 0.02 c | 0.06 ± 0.02 f | 0.03 ± 0.01 f | 0.035 ± 0.002 cdef | 0.31 ± 0.04 fg |
D-LbLC/L | 1.25 ± 0.05 h | 2.34 ± 0.01 o | 33 ± 8 c | 30 ± 4 h | 0.71 ± 0.02 ef | 0.05 ± 0.01 f | 0.009 ± 0.001 j | 0.016 ± 0.003 i | 0.160 ± 0.002 hi |
2.2. Linear Discriminant Analysis
3. Experimental
3.1. Standards and Reagents
3.2. Samples and Samples Preparation
Designation/formulation | Amount used a | Time, Temperature a | Code | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infusion | Green tea (Camellia sinensis)/Bag | 1 bag (2.0 g) in 200 mL | 5 min, 75 °C | I-Gt/B |
Green tea, pineapple, Hibiscus/Bag | 1 bag (2.3 g) in 200 mL | 5 min, 75 °C | I-GtH/B | |
Green tea, lemon herb, algae/Bag | 1 bag (1.5 g) in 200 mL | 3 min, 100 °C | I-GtL/B | |
Green tea/Leaves | 1.62 g of leaves in 200 mL | 3 min, 75 °C | I-Gt/Lv | |
Rooibos red tea (Aspalathus linearis)/Bag | 1 bag (1.5 g) in 200 mL | 4 min, 100 °C | I-Rt/B | |
Borututu tea (Cochlospermum angolensis)/Roots | 0.27 g of roots in 200 mL | 5 min, 75 °C | I-Bt/R | |
Solubilisation | Green tea, vitamin C/Granulate | 4–5 teaspoons (16.55 g) in 200 mL | Direct, 75 °C | S-Gt/G1 |
Direct, Room temperature (Rt) | S-Gt/G2 | |||
Green tea, vitamin C, red fruits/Powder | 5.0 g of powder in 200 mL | Direct, 75 °C | S-Gt/P1 | |
Direct, Rt | S-Gt/P2 | |||
Direct use | Green tea/Liquid extract | Direct (3 teaspoons- 30 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-Gt/E |
Green tea, pineapple, Hibiscus/Liquid | Direct (Bottle of 250 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-GtH/L | |
Green tea, lemon/Liquid | Direct (Bottle of 330 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-GtL/L | |
Green apples, lemon, Gingko biloba/Liquid | Direct (Bottle of 250 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-Ga/L | |
Pomegranate, red berries/Liquid | Direct (Bottle of 330 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-PRb/L | |
Rooibos Red tea/Liquid | Direct (Bottle of 330 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-Rt/L | |
Black tea Earl Grey, lemon/Liquid | Direct (Bottle of 330 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-Bt/L | |
Lemon balm, linden, chamomile, lemon/Liquid | Direct (Bottle of 330 mL) | Direct, Rt | D-LbLC/L |
3.3. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
3.3.1. Radical Scavenging Activity
3.3.2. Reducing Power
3.3.3. β-Carotene Bleaching Inhibition
3.3.4. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation using Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)
3.4. Biomolecules with Antioxidant Activity
3.4.1. Phenolics
3.4.2. Ascorbic Acid
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Barreira, J.C.M.; Morais, A.L.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P. Insights on the Formulation of Herbal Beverages with Medicinal Claims According with Their Antioxidant Properties. Molecules 2013, 18, 2851-2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18032851
Barreira JCM, Morais AL, Ferreira ICFR, Oliveira MBPP. Insights on the Formulation of Herbal Beverages with Medicinal Claims According with Their Antioxidant Properties. Molecules. 2013; 18(3):2851-2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18032851
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarreira, João C. M., Ana L. Morais, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, and M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira. 2013. "Insights on the Formulation of Herbal Beverages with Medicinal Claims According with Their Antioxidant Properties" Molecules 18, no. 3: 2851-2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18032851