Primary, Secondary Metabolites, H2O2, Malondialdehyde and Photosynthetic Responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. to Different Irradiance Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Profiling
Irradiance (µmol/m2/s) | Plant Parts | Total flavonoids, TF (mg rutin/g dry weight) | Total phenolics, TP (mg gallic acid/g dry weight) |
---|---|---|---|
Leaf | 2.111 ± 0.013 a | 5.211 ± 0.028 a | |
225 | Stem | 1.991 ± 0.022 a | 4.811 ± 0.029 a |
Root | 1.671 ± 0.013 b | 4.671 ± 0.039 b | |
Leaf | 1.567 ± 0.022 b | 4.211 ± 0.032 b | |
500 | Stem | 1.321 ± 0.030 b | 3.981 ± 0.037 b |
Root | 1.231 ± 0.022 c | 3.761 ± 0.051 c | |
Leaf | 1.234 ± 0.013 c | 3.111± 0.021 c | |
675 | Stem | 1.001 ± 0.010 c | 2.981 ± 0.025 c |
Root | 0.987 ± 0.015 d | 2.761 ± 0.040 c | |
Leaf | 0.913 ± 0.025 d | 2.345± 0.008 d | |
900 | Stem | 0.813 ± 0.023 d | 1.981 ± 0.011 d |
Root | 0.723 ± 0.026 d | 1.721 ± 0.028 d |
2.2. Total Soluble Sugar, Starch and Total Non Structural Carbohydrate (TNC) and Their Profiling
Parameters | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Flavonoid | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
2. Phenolics | 0.89 * | 1.00 | |||||||||||
3. Sucrose | 0.87 * | 0.89 * | 1.00 | ||||||||||
4. Starch | 0.76 * | 0.81 * | 0.89 * | 1.00 | |||||||||
5. TNC | 0.97 * | 0.96 * | 0.91 * | 0.78 * | 1.00 | ||||||||
6. H2O2 | 0.88 * | 0.92 * | 0.76 * | 0.88 * | 0.79 * | 1.00 | |||||||
7. MDA | 0.87 * | 0.87 * | 0.91 * | 0.96 * | 0.9 * | 0.86 * | 1.00 | ||||||
8. Photo | −0.87 ** | −0.86 * | 0.56 | −0.90 * | −0.56 | −0.78 | −0.87 | 1.00 | |||||
9. C/N | 0.79 * | 0.88 * | 0.78 | 0.87 * | 0.68 * | 0.74 * | 0.76 | −0.84 | 1.00 | ||||
10. Biomass | −0.87 * | −0.78 * | −0.89 * | −0.67 | −0.68 * | −0.58 | −0.54 | −0.66 | −0.54 | 1.00 | |||
11. Chl a | −0.78 * | −0.69 | −0.67 | −0.78 * | −0.57 | −0.45 | −0.67 * | −0.54 | −0.44 | −0.67 | 1.00 | ||
12. Chl b | −0.56 | −0.75 * | −0.76 * | −0.75 * | −0.67 * | −0.54 | −0.71 * | −0.45 | −0.18 | −0.65 | 0.67 ** | 1.00 | |
13.T. Chl | −0.78 * | −0.71 * | −0.81 * | −0.71 * | −0.53 | −0.51 | −0.69 * | −0.58 * | −0.34 | 0.67 * | 0.68 * | 0.68 * | 1.00 |
Irradiance (µmol/m2/s) | Plant parts | Soluble sugar (mg sucrose/g dry weight) | Starch (mg glucose/g dry weight) | TNC (mg/g dry weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf | 45.71 ± 0.50 a | 96.41 ± 0.68 a | 141.32 ± 3.22 a | |
225 | Stem | 33.04 ± 0.84 b | 88.26 ± 0.19 a | 121.21 ± 1.46 a |
Root | 32.09 ± 0.50 b | 81.22 ± 0.59 b | 113.34 ± 3.26 b | |
Leaf | 33.45 ± 0.49 b | 79.18 ± 0.52 b | 112.17 ± 4.77 b | |
500 | Stem | 31.26 ± 0.44 b | 68.27 ± 0.37 c | 100.23 ± 2.22 c |
Root | 29.66 ± 0.49 c | 62.98 ± 0.11 c | 91.21 ± 5.55 c | |
Leaf | 28.64 ± 0.59 c | 61.22 ± 0.13 c | 89.11 ± 4.67 c | |
675 | Stem | 27.10 ± 0.99 c | 57.03 ± 0.15 d | 84.21 ± 4.90 c |
Root | 24.86 ± 0.58 c | 51.67 ± 0.44 d | 75.21 ± 1.90 d | |
Leaf | 22.80 ± 1.16 d | 46.66 ± 0.23 d | 68.12 ± 5.89 d | |
900 | Stem | 14.96 ± 0.70 d | 37.42 ± 0.21 d | 52.12 ± 1.65 e |
Root | 12.02 ± 1.17 d | 31.20 ± 0.28 e | 43.12 ± 9.96 e |
2.3. H2O2 and Lipid Peroxidation Activity
Irradiance (µmol/m2/s) | Plant Parts | H2O2 (ng/g fresh weight) | MDA (µmol/g fresh weight) |
---|---|---|---|
Leaf | 0.15 ± 0.08 a | 2.11 ± 0.09 a | |
225 | Stem | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 1.82 ± 0.12 a |
Root | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.98 ± 0.13 c | |
Leaf | 0.11 ± 0.04 a | 1.98 ± 0.24 a | |
500 | Stem | 0.06 ± 0.06 b | 1.67 ± 0.21 b |
Root | 0.04 ± 0.06 c | 0.87 ± 0.02 c | |
Leaf | 0.09 ± 0.03 a | 1.87 ± 0.13 a | |
675 | Stem | 0.04 ± 0.01 c | 1.43 ± 0.07 b |
Root | 0.02 ± 0.04 d | 0.77 ± 0.04 d | |
Leaf | 0.08 ± 0.02 b | 1.26 ± 0.02 b | |
900 | Stem | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 1.01 ± 0.03 c |
Root | 0.01 ± 0.01 d | 0.68 ± 0.01 d |
2.4. Net Photosynthesis
Parameters | Irradiance (µmol/m2/s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
225 | 500 | 675 | 900 | |
Photosynthesis (µmol/m2/s) | 4.01 ± 0.25 d | 6.21 ± 0.34 c | 9.31 ± 0.12 b | 11.71 ± 0.43 a |
C/N ratio | 20.35 ± 1.21 a | 17.73 ± 0.02 b | 14.79 ± 0.05 c | 10.12 ± 0.23 d |
Total biomass (g) | 25.21± 0.12 d | 27.21 ± 0.02 c | 32.79 ± 0.23 b | 35.26 ± 0.43 a |
Chlorophyll a (mg/g fresh weight) | 3.61 ± 0.01 d | 4.22 ± 0.04 c | 5.33 ± 0.09 b | 6.77 ± 0.08 a |
Chlorophyll b (mg/g fresh weight) | 17.27 ± 0.23 d | 18.23 ± 0.09 c | 24.72 ± 0.34 b | 28.76 ± 0.23 a |
Total chlorophyll (mg/g fresh weight) | 20.13 ± 0.11 d | 22.14 ± 0.45 c | 29.78 ± 0.89 b | 34.23 ± 0.98 a |
2.5. C/N Ratio
2.6. Total Plant Biomass
2.7. Chlorophyll Content
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material and Maintenance
3.2. Standard and Reagents
3.3. Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Quantification
3.4. Sucrose Determination
3.5. Starch Determination
3.6. Total Soluble Sugar and Total Non Structural Carbohydrate (TNC)
3.7. Measurement of H2O2 and Malondialdehyde (MDA) Content
3.8. Photosynthesis Rate
3.9. Plant Biomass
3.10. Total Carbon, Nitrogen and C:N Ratio
3.11. Chlorophyll Content
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
- Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
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Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Primary, Secondary Metabolites, H2O2, Malondialdehyde and Photosynthetic Responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. to Different Irradiance Levels. Molecules 2012, 17, 1159-1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17021159
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE. Primary, Secondary Metabolites, H2O2, Malondialdehyde and Photosynthetic Responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. to Different Irradiance Levels. Molecules. 2012; 17(2):1159-1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17021159
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Mohd Hafiz, and Hawa Z. E. Jaafar. 2012. "Primary, Secondary Metabolites, H2O2, Malondialdehyde and Photosynthetic Responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. to Different Irradiance Levels" Molecules 17, no. 2: 1159-1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17021159