Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Leaf, Stem and Root from Different Varieties of Labisa pumila Benth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Analyses of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds by RP-HPLC
Sample | Flavonoid contents (µg/g dry sample) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaempferol | Myricetin | Naringin | Quercetin | Rutin | |
Alata Leaf | 187.2 ± 0.03 b | 88.4 ± 0.06 a | 140 ± 0.01 a | ND | ND |
Alata Root | 19.7 ± 0.08 d | 19.3 ± 0.13 d | ND | ND | ND |
Alata Stem | 11.7 ± 0.23 e | ND | 21.6 ± 0.23 d | ND | 4.6 ± 0.03 d |
Pumila Leaf | 222.8 ± 0.05 a | 31.1 ± 0.013 b | 79.4 ± 0.03 c | 106.7 ± 0.05 a | 24.1 ± 0.023 a |
Pumila Root | 20.7 ± 0.46 d | ND | ND | 50.4 ± 0.03 c | 5.2 ± 0.04 c |
Pumila Stem | ND | ND | ND | 48.5 ± 0.007 d | 19.4 ± 0.01 b |
Lanceolata Leaf | 164.6 ± 0.03 c | 27.9 ± 0.04 c | 86.7 ± 0.43 b | 57.1 ± 0.02 b | ND |
Lanceolata Root | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Lanceolata Stem | ND | ND | ND | ND | 25.1 ± 0.025 a |
Sample | Phenolic contents (µg/g dry sample) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gallic acid | Pyrogallol | Caffeic acid | |
Alata Leaf | 449.5 ± 0.003 a | 811.2 ± 0.05 a | 48.9 ± 0.03 c |
Alata Root | 145.5 ± 0.01 d | 343.2 ± 0.03 b | ND |
Alata Stem | 19.1 ± 0.15 h | 111.4 ± 0.02 c | ND |
Pumila Leaf | 216.4 ± 0.04 c | ND | 44.4 ± 0.13 d |
Pumila Root | 37.8 ± 0.03 f | ND | 24.5 ± 0.03 e |
Pumila Stem | 18.1 ± 0.35 h | ND | 69.6 ± 0.025 b |
Lanceolata Leaf | 407.8 ± 0.03 b | ND | 116.1 ± 0.04 a |
Lanceolata Root | 36.6 ± 0.01 g | ND | ND |
Lanceolata Stem | 63.4 ± 0.03 e | ND | ND |
2.2. Total Saponin Content
Variety | Leaf | Stem | Root |
---|---|---|---|
Alata | 43.6 ± 0.28 b | 24.5 ± 0.11 f | 34.1 ± 0.13 e |
Pumila | 56.4 ± 0.13 a | 37.3 ± 0.25 d | 41.2 ± 0.12 c |
Lanceolata | 42.3 ± 0.29 c | 20.8 ± 0.82 g | 33.7 ± 0.99 e |
2.3. Antibacterial Activity Analysis
Sample* | Inhibition Zone (cm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gram-positive bacteria | ||||
B. subitilis | S. aureus | B. cereus | M. luteus | |
Pumila Leaf | 1.15 b | 0.95 b | 1.05 b | 0.57 c |
Alata Leaf | 1.05 c | 0.91 bc | 1.1 b | 0.65 b |
Lanceolata Leaf | 1.00 cd | 0.80 c | 0.96 c | 0.55 c |
Pumila Root | 0.99 cd | 0.65 d | 0.96 c | 0.41 d |
Alata Root | 0.94 ed | 0.39 ef | 0.85 ef | 0.39 de |
Lanceolata Root | 0.96 cde | 0.49 e | 0.94 cd | 0.36 def |
Pumila Stem | 0.93 de | 0.31 f | 0.89 de | 0.37 def |
Alata Stem | 0.89 e | 0.29 f | 0.79 fg | 0.35 ef |
Lanceolata Stem | 0.79 f | 0.33 f | 0.73 g | 0.33 f |
Kanamycin | 1.25 a | 1.11 a | 1.28 a | 0.88 a |
Gram-negative bacteria | ||||
E. coli | P. aeruginosa | E. aerogenes | K. pneumonie | |
Pumila Leaf | 1.26 c | 0.53 c | 1.12 c | 1.12 b |
Alata Leaf | 1.32 b | 0.75 b | 1.23 b | 1.05 b |
Lanceolata Leaf | 1.15 d | 0.49 cd | 1.05 d | 0.95 c |
Pumila Root | 0.93 f | 0.47 d | 0.98 e | 0.62 f |
Alata Root | 1.01 e | 0.47 d | 1.11 cd | 0.83 d |
Lanceolata Root | 0.97 ef | 0.33 e | 0.96 ef | 0.73 e |
Pumila Stem | 0.67 g | 0.44 d | 0.9 f | 0.91 c |
Alata Stem | 0.50 h | 0.44 d | 0.79 g | 0.81 de |
Lanceolata Stem | 0.45 h | 0.37 e | 0.71 h | 0.82 d |
Kanamycin | 1.48 a | 1.03 a | 1.33 a | 1.31 a |
2.4. Antifungal Activity Determination
Sample * | Inhibition Zone (diameter in cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Fusarium sp. | Candida sp. | Mucor sp. | |
Pumila Leaf | 0.62 c | 0.79 b | 0.69 b |
Alata Leaf | 0.75 b | 0.70 c | 0.63 b |
Lanceolata Leaf | 0.57 c | 0.60 de | 0.47 c |
Pumila Root | 0.58 cd | 0.54 ef | 0.45 c |
Alata Root | 0.59 cd | 0.65 cd | 0.43 c |
Lanceolata Root | 0.41 f | 0.45 gh | 0.31 de |
Pumila Stem | 0.47 ef | 0.50 fg | 0.36 d |
Alata Stem | 0.52 de | 0.55 ef | 0.35 d |
Lanceolata Stem | 0.30 g | 0.40 h | 0.28 e |
Streptomycin | 1.41 a | 1.43 a | 0.90 a |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Preparation of Extracts
3.3. Analyses of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds by RP-HPLC
3.4. Total Saponin Content
3.5. Antibacterial Activity Assay
3.6. Antifungi Activity Assay
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References and Notes
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Karimi, E.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Ahmad, S. Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Leaf, Stem and Root from Different Varieties of Labisa pumila Benth. Molecules 2011, 16, 4438-4450. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16064438
Karimi E, Jaafar HZE, Ahmad S. Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Leaf, Stem and Root from Different Varieties of Labisa pumila Benth. Molecules. 2011; 16(6):4438-4450. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16064438
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarimi, Ehsan, Hawa Z.E. Jaafar, and Sahida Ahmad. 2011. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of Leaf, Stem and Root from Different Varieties of Labisa pumila Benth" Molecules 16, no. 6: 4438-4450. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16064438