Composition of Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) Honey Solvent Extractives Determined by GC/MS: Norisoprenoids and Other Volatile Organic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Experimental
3.1. Honey Samples
3.2. Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction (USE)
3.3. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC, GC/MS)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgements
References
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Sample Availability: Contact the corresponding author. |
No. | Compound | RI | Area percentage (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solvent A | Solvent B | ||||||||||
Min. | Max. | Av. | SD. | Min. | Max. | Av. | SD. | ||||
1. | 2-Furanmethanol | < 900 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | - | - | - | - | |
2. | 2-Methylbutanoic acid | < 900 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | - | - | - | - | |
3. | Hexan-1-ol | < 900 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.05 | - | - | - | - | |
4. | 1,4-Dimethylbenzene** | < 900 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.10 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | |
5. | Benzaldehyde | 965 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.13 | 0.05 | |
6. | 2,4-Dimethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran | 973 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | - | - | - | - | |
7. | 2-Methylfuran* | 988 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.98 | 0.93 | |
8. | 2-Hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one | 1036 | - | - | - | - | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
9. | Benzyl alcohol | 1037 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.13 | |
10. | Dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2(3H)-furanone (Pantolactone) | 1044 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.43 | 0.15 | |
11. | Phenylacetaladehyde | 1048 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.28 | 0.17 | |
12. | 4,5-Dimethyl-2-formylfuran | 1078 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.26 | 0.26 | |
13. | Methyl 2-furoate | 1084 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.55 | 0.71 | |
14. | 1-(2-Furanyl)-2-hydroxyethanone | 1088 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 1.23 | 0.66 | |
15. | 2-Phenylethanol | 1116 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.35 | 0.13 | |
16. | 3,5,5-Trimethyl-cyclohex-3-en-1-one (α-Isophorone) | 1124 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |
17. | 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one | 1145 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.48 | 0.31 | |
18. | 3,5,5-Trimethyl-cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dione (4-Ketoisophorone) | 1147 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |
19.. | Benzoic acid | 1162 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 1.73 | 1.95 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 1.48 | 1.67 | |
20. | 2,4-Dimethylphenol** | 1181 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.33 | 0.13 | |
21. | (E)-3,7-Dimethyl-octa-1,5-diene-3,7-diol | 1191 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.45 | 0.13 | |
22. | Decanal | 1207 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
23. | 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | 1230 | 2.4 | 9.3 | 4.78 | 3.08 | 6.5 | 22.8 | 13.03 | 6.91 | |
24. | 1,3-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene | 1261 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.23 | 0.33 | - | - | - | - | |
25. | Phenylacetic acid | 1269 | 1.1 | 5.8 | 2.90 | 2.02 | 1.0 | 4.8 | 2.53 | 1.62 | |
26. | Nonanoic acid | 1273 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - | |
27. | 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene | 1305 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.40 | 0.34 | |
28. | 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol** | 1332 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.13 | 0.19 | |
29. | 3-Hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one | 1354 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 3.73 | 2.02 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 3.43 | 2.15 | |
30. | 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-ethanone (4-Methoxyacetophenone) | 1360 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - | |
31. | (E)-8-Hydroxylinalool | 1367 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.33 | 0.53 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.05 | |
32. | Tetradecane | 1400 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.28 | 0.38 | - | - | - | - | |
33. | 4-Hydroxyphenyl ethanol | 1445 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.80 | 0.57 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.18 | 0.21 | |
34. | 4-Methoxybenzoic acid | 1451 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.33 | 0.25 | |
35. | 3-Phenylprop-2-enoic acid** (Cinnamic acid) | 1454 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.33 | 0.25 | |
36. | 4-Methoxyphenylacetic acid | 1496 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.85 | 1.23 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.73 | 1.04 | |
37. | Pentadecane | 1500 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.20 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - | |
38. | 4-Methyl-2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol | 1514 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 1.83 | 0.82 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
39. | α-Hydroxyphenylpropanoic acid | 1545 | 0.0 | 15.7 | 5.25 | 7.40 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.48 | 0.66 | |
40. | 2-Hydroxydecanoic acid | 1557 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.78 | 0.86 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.33 | 0.25 | |
41. | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 1558 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.55 | 0.55 | - | - | - | - | |
42. | cis-p-Menth-8-ene* | 1632 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.68 | 0.73 | |
43. | 3-Oxo-α-ionol | 1660 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.83 | 0.56 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.08 | 0.10 | |
44. | 3-Oxo-α-ionone | 1665 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 1.90 | 1.32 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.60 | 0.38 | |
45. | 3-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionone | 1682 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.38 | 0.26 | - | - | - | - | |
46. | 6,7-Dehydro-7,8-dihydro-3-oxo-α-ionol | 1720 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.25 | 0.30 | - | - | - | - | |
47. | Methyl syringate | 1744 | 3.0 | 5.7 | 4.38 | 1.15 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 3.28 | 0.79 | |
48. | 6-Hydroxy-3-oxo-α-ionol (Vomifoliol) | 1802 | 5.3 | 11.2 | 8.88 | 2.62 | 9.6 | 14.0 | 11.63 | 1.84 | |
49. | Hexadecan-1-ol | 1882 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 1.50 | 1.51 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 1.18 | 1.07 | |
50. | Nonadecane | 1900 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.33 | 0.38 | - | - | - | - | |
51. | Hexadecanoic acid | 1963 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 1.43 | 0.73 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.75 | 0.25 | |
52. | (Z)-Octadec-9-en-1-ol | 2060 | 1.0 | 4.9 | 2.55 | 1.95 | 1.5 | 3.6 | 2.70 | 0.98 | |
53. | Octadecan-1-ol | 2084 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.50 | 0.36 | - | - | - | - | |
54. | Heneicosane | 2100 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.20 | 0.28 | - | - | - | - | |
55. | (Z)-Octadec-9-enoic acid | 2147 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.58 | 0.53 | |
56. | Tetracosane | 2400 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 1.60 | 1.68 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 1.85 | 1.37 |
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Jerković, I.; Tuberso, C.I.G.; Gugić, M.; Bubalo, D. Composition of Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) Honey Solvent Extractives Determined by GC/MS: Norisoprenoids and Other Volatile Organic Compounds. Molecules 2010, 15, 6375-6385. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096375
Jerković I, Tuberso CIG, Gugić M, Bubalo D. Composition of Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) Honey Solvent Extractives Determined by GC/MS: Norisoprenoids and Other Volatile Organic Compounds. Molecules. 2010; 15(9):6375-6385. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096375
Chicago/Turabian StyleJerković, Igor, Carlo I.G. Tuberso, Mirko Gugić, and Dragan Bubalo. 2010. "Composition of Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) Honey Solvent Extractives Determined by GC/MS: Norisoprenoids and Other Volatile Organic Compounds" Molecules 15, no. 9: 6375-6385. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096375