Headspace Volatile Composition of the Flowers of Caralluma europaea N.E.Br. (Apocynaceae)
Abstract
:Introduction
Results and Discussion
LRIa | Compound | % | Ident.b | LRIa | Compound | % | Ident.b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<800 | 2-Methylbutanal | 1.3 | Ri, MS | 1097 | Linalool | 18.4 | Ri, MS, P.C. |
<800 | Dimethyl sulphide | t | Ri, MS | 1101 | Nonanal | 1.0 | Ri, MS |
866 | Hexanol | 1.1 | Ri, MS | 1144 | (Z)-Verbenol | 0.4 | Ri, MS |
901 | Heptanal | 2.0 | Ri, MS | 1180 | Octanoic acid | 2.4 | Ri, MS, P.C. |
912 | Santolinatriene | 2.2 | Ri, MS | 1193 | Myrtenal | 0.6 | Ri, MS |
927 | Tricyclene | 1.2 | Ri, MS | 1194 | Myrtenol | 0.6 | Ri, MS |
938 | α-Pinene | 1.9 | Ri, MS, P.C. | 1196 | 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde | 0.2 | Ri, MS |
953 | Camphene | 2.5 | Ri, MS, P.C. | 1206 | Verbenone | 0.7 | Ri, MS |
963 | Benzaldehyde | 0.4 | Ri, MS | 1276 | 3-Ethyl-4-methyl-1 H-pyrrole-2;5-dione | 0.5 | Ri, MS |
978 | β-Pinene | 3.8 | Ri, MS, P.C. | 1278 | Nonanoic acid | 1.2 | Ri, MS, P.C. |
980 | Phenol | 0.8 | Ri, MS | 1290 | Indole | 0.8 | Ri, MS |
981 | Hexanoic acid | 1.7 | Ri, MS, P.C. | 1376 | Decanoic acid | 0.8 | Ri, MS |
998 | Octanal | 0.8 | Ri, MS | 1377 | α-Copaene | 0.3 | Ri, MS |
1005 | α-Phellandrene | 1.4 | Ri, MS | 1385 | β-Bourbonene | 0.2 | Ri, MS |
1009 | Carene 3 | 0.5 | Ri, MS | 1398 | α-Elemene | 0.3 | Ri, MS |
1013 | α-Terpinene | 19.1 | Ri, MS, P.C. | 1416 | (E)-Caryophyllene | 0.6 | Ri, MS |
1025 | p-Cymene | 0.8 | Ri, MS | 1462 | Seychellene | 0.8 | Ri, MS |
1037 | Benzyl alcohol | 0.5 | Ri, MS | 1447 | 2;6-Di- tert-butyl-benzoquinone | 0.2 | Ri, MS |
1044 | Phenylacetaldehyde | 0.4 | Ri, MS | 1519 | 1S- cis-Calamenene | t | Ri, MS |
1067 | Octanol | 0.8 | Ri, MS | 1541 | α-Calacorene | 0.1 | Ri, MS |
1086 | Terpinolene | 23.3 | Ri, MS, P.C. | Total compounds 96.6% |
Compounds | Odour characteristic a | Sapromyiophilous taxa b | Semiochemicalsc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Al | P | K | Sy | |||
Alchools | |||||||
Octanol | Metallic; sulfur; burnt matches; toasted bread; herbal; fatty; floral; woody; citrus; waxy; moss; nut; mushroom | Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | - | - |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia boleana M.G. Gilbert (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Monolluma exagona (Lavranos) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [22] | |||||||
Benzyl alcohol | Berry; cherry; grapefruit; citrus; walnut; sweet | Duvalia corderoyi N.E.Br (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Monolluma exagona (Lavranos) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns | |||||||
(Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Arum creticum Boiss. & Heldr. (Araceae) [16-23] | |||||||
Arum idaeum Coust. & Gand. (Araceae) [23] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17-22] | |||||||
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill. (Rhamnaceae) [19 ] | |||||||
Hexanol | Flowery; toasty; dry; fruity; herbal; mild woody; sweet; green grass; leafy; resin | Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17] | |||||||
Aldehydes | |||||||
2-Methylbutanal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Heptanal | Citrus fruit; green; fatty; dry fish; pesticide; solvent; smoky; rancid; fruity; oily; woody; fruity; nutty; heavy; putty; soapy | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Echidnopsis montana (R.A. Dyer & E.A. Bruce) P.R.O. Bally (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia boleana M.G. Gilbert (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Monolluma exagona (Lavranos) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns(Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) [1] | |||||||
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill.(Rhamnaceae) [19] | |||||||
Benzaldehyde | Burnt sugar; almond; woody; cherry; sweet | Apteranthes joannis (Maire) Plowes (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Echidnopsis leachii Lavranos (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Echidnopsis montana (R.A. Dyer & E.A. Bruce) P.R.O. Bally(Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia boleana M.G. Gilbert (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Monolluma exagona (Lavranos) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns(Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Pseudolithos cubiformis (P.R.O. Bally) P.R.O. Bally (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Arisaema erubescens (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae)24 | |||||||
Arum creticum Boiss. & Heldr. (Araceae) [16-23] | |||||||
Arum idaeum Coust. & Gand. (Araceae)23 | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17] | |||||||
Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) [1] | |||||||
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill (Rhamnaceae) [19] | |||||||
Octanal | Lemon; stew-like; boiled meat-like; rancid; soapy; citrus; green; flower; fruit; orange; honey; fatty; pungent; slightly fragment | Apteranthes joannis (Maire) Plowes (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Echidnopsis leachii Lavranos (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Echidnopsis montana (R.A. Dyer & E.A. Bruce) P.R.O. Bally (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia boleana M.G. Gilbert (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Monolluma exagona (Lavranos) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns(Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Pseudolithos cubiformis (P.R.O. Bally) P.R.O. Bally (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Arisaema erubescens (Wallich) Schott.(Araceae) [24] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [22] | |||||||
Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) [1] | |||||||
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill. (Rhamnaceae) [19] | |||||||
Phenylacetaldehyde | Apple; apricot; berry; cherry; chocolate; grape; grapefruit; honey; hyacinth; lemon; melon; orange; green; nutty; fruity; peach; peanut; vegetable; winelike; sweet; honey like; flower; daisy | Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae)[4] | - | - | - | - | - |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Huernia boleana M.G. Gilbert (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Nonanal | Gravy; green; tallowy; fruity; gas; chlorine; floral; waxy; sweet; melon; soapy; fatty; lavender; citrus fruit; apple; coconut; grape; grapefruit; lemon; lime; oily; orange; waxy; citrus; fatty; nutty; peach; rose; vegetable; meaty; fishy; slightly pungent; grass-like; animals | Arisaema ciliatum H. Li (Araceae)2[4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Arisaema erubescens (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae)24 | |||||||
Arisaema lobatum Engl. (Araceae) [24] | |||||||
Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae)[24] | |||||||
Arum idaeum Coust. & Gand. (Araceae) [23] | |||||||
Arum maculatum L. (Araceae)8 | |||||||
Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. (Araceae) [18] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [22] | |||||||
Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) [1] | |||||||
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill. (Rhamnaceae) [19] | |||||||
4-Ethylbenzaldehyde | Fruity; anisic; minty; balsamic-sweet; nutty-almond | Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae)[4] | - | - | - | - | - |
Ketones | |||||||
3-Ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2;5-dione | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2;6-Di-tert-butylbenzoquinone | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Nitrogen containg compounds | |||||||
Indole | Butter; cheese; chocolate; grape; honey; jasmine; musty; floral; fatty; vanilla; animal; earthy; vegetable; wine-like; fishy; musty fecal; mothball-like | Apteranthes joannis (Maire) Plowes (Apocynaceae)[4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Amorphophallus eichleri (Engl.) Hook. f. (Araceae)[25] | |||||||
Arum apulum (Carano) P.C. Boyce (Araceae) [16] | |||||||
Arum cyrenaicum Hruby (Araceae) [16] | |||||||
Arum creticum Boiss. & Heldr. (Araceae)[16] | |||||||
Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] | |||||||
Arum nigrum Schott. (Araceae) [16] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17,18,19,20,21,22] | |||||||
Acids and derivatives | |||||||
Hexanoic acid | Sweaty; pungent; cheese; goatlike; rancid; fatty; sour; bad breath; popcorn; goaty | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae)[4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Duvalia corderoyi N.E.Br (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Echidnopsis montana (R.A. Dyer & E.A. Bruce) P.R.O. Bally(Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17] | |||||||
Octanoic acid | Fatty acid; cheese; fresh; moss; oily; body odour; rancid, pungent; sweet | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae)[4] | - | x | x | x | - |
Nonanoic acid | Green; fat; musty; sweaty; sour; cheese; waxy; goat | Apteranthes joannis (Maire) Plowes (Apocynaceae)[4] | x | x | x | - | - |
Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Duvalia corderoyi N.E.Br (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) | |||||||
Schott. (Araceae) [17,18,19,20,21,22] | |||||||
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill. (Rhamnaceae) [19] | |||||||
Decanoic acid | Soapy; Fatty; citrus; warm; butter; fruit; grassy; cheese; milk; rancid | Apteranthes joannis (Maire) Plowes (Apocynaceae) [4] | - | x | x | - | - |
Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Echidnopsis leachii Lavranos (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Huernia boleana M.G. Gilbert (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Stapelia asterias Masson (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae)22 | |||||||
Monoterpenoids | |||||||
Santolinatriene | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Tricyclene | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Pinene | Terpeny; fruity; sweet; green; woody; pine; citrus; lime; camphoraceous; turpentine | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae)[4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Echidnopsis leachii Lavranos (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Echidnopsis montana (R.A. Dyer & E.A. Bruce) P.R.O. Bally (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) [8] | |||||||
Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. (Araceae) [18] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17,18,19,20,21,22] | |||||||
Camphene | Sweet; fruity; camphoraceous; pine; oily; herbal; vanilla | Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17-22] | x | x | x | x | - |
β-Pinene | Musty; green; sweet; pine; resin; turpentine; woody | Arum maculatum L. (Araceae)8-16 | x | x | x | x | - |
Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. (Araceae)[18] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae)[17] | |||||||
α-Phellandrene | Fruity; minty; herbaceous; citrus; lime; pepper; juniper; dill | Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17,18,19,20,21,22] | x | x | x | - | - |
Carene 3 | Citrus fruit; orange peel; lemon | Apteranthes joannis (Maire) Plowes (Apocynaceae)[4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Echidnopsis leachii Lavranos (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Echidnopsis montana (R.A. Dyer & E.A. Bruce) P.R.O. Bally (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae)[4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia boleana M.G. Gilbert (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. (Araceae)[18] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17] | |||||||
α-Terpinene | Gasoline-like; ethereal; fruity; lemon; berry; sweet; vegetable; woody; pepper; medicinal; camphoraceous | Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17,18,19,20,21,22] | - | x | x | x | - |
p-Cymene | Lemon; fruity; fuel-like; sweet; herbal; spicy; citrus; solvent; gasoline | Apteranthes joannis (Maire) Plowes (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17-22] | |||||||
Terpinolene | Woody; fruity; sweet; piney; slightly anisic; plastic | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) [8-16] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [22] | |||||||
Linalool | Lemon; orange; citrus; floral; sweet; aniseed; lavender, muscat, parsley, fruity | Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. (Araceae) [18] | x | x | x | x | - |
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17,18,19,20,21,22] | |||||||
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill. (Rhamnaceae) [19] | |||||||
(Z)-Verbenol | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Myrtenal | Sweet; sharp; pleasant; spicy; cinnamon | - | x | - | - | - | - |
Myrtenol | Medicinal; berry; medicinal; minty; woody; vanilla | Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [22] | x | - | x | x | - |
Zizyphus mauritiana Mill. (Rhamnaceae) [19] | |||||||
Verbenone | Minty; spicy | Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [1-24] | x | x | x | x | - |
Sesquiterpenoids | |||||||
α-Copaene | Woody; earthy; spicy | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | - | x | - | - |
Echidnopsis leachii Lavranos (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) [8] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17,18,19,20,21,22] | |||||||
β-Bourbonene | Herbaceous | Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | - | - | x | - | - |
α-Elemene | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
(E)-Caryophyllene | Musty; green; spicy; woody; terpene-like; fruity; sweet | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | x |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Monolluma exagona (Lavranos) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Seychellene | - | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | - | - | - | - | - |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
1S-cis-Calamenene | - | Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | - | - | - | - | - |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Huernia keniensis R.E. Fries (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [22] | |||||||
α-Calacorene | Dry-woody | Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [17] | - | - | - | - | - |
Phenols | |||||||
Phenol | Phenolic; medicinal odor | Duvalia corderoyi N.E.Br (Apocynaceae) [4] | x | x | x | x | - |
Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Hoodia currori (Hook.) Decne (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Monolluma exagona (Lavranos) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea semota (N.E.Br) L.C. Leach subsp. orientalis Bruyns (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Orbea variegata (L.) L.C. Leach (Apocynaceae) [4] | |||||||
Sauromatum guttatum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [22] | |||||||
Sulphur containing compouds | |||||||
Dimethyl sulphide | Asparagus; cabbage; corn; cowy; molasses; reminiscent of wild radish; sharp; sickly; sulfurous; vegetable; gasoline | Arisaema tortuosum (Wallich) Schott. (Araceae) [24] | - | - | - | - | - |
Experimental
General
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
- Sample Availability: The samples used for testing the behaviour of the pure compounds were all purchased from Aldrich (Milan) and are available from the authors.
References and Notes
- Knudsen, J.T.; Eriksson, R.; Gershenzon, J.; Ståhl, B. Diversity and distribution of floral scent. Bot. Rev. 2006, 72, 1–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dudereva, N.; Negre, F.; Nagegowda, D.A.; Orlova, I. Plant volatiles: Recent advances and future perespectives. Cr. Rev. Plant Sci. 2006, 25, 417–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meve, U.; Heneidak, S. A morphological, karyological and chemical study of the Apteranthes (Caralluma) europaea complex. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 2005, 149, 419–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jürgens, A.; Dötterl, S.; Meve, U. The chemical nature of fetid floral odours in stapeliads (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae). New Phytol. 2006, 172, 452–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jürgens, A.; Dötterl, S.; Liede-Schumann, S.; Meve, U. Chemical diversity of floral volatiles in Asclepiadoideae-Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2009, 36, 842–852. [Google Scholar]
- Arnould, C.; Malosse, C.; Signoret, J.-P.; Descoins, C. Which chemical constitutents from dog feces are involved in its food repellent effect in sheep? J. Chem. Ecol. 1998, 24, 559–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodrich, B.S.; Hesterman, E.R.; Shaw, K.S.; Mykytowycz, R. Identification of some volatile compounds in the odour of faecal pellets of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. J. Chem. Ecol 1981, 7, 817–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kite, G.C. The floral odour of Arum maculatum. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1995, 23, 343–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statheropoulos, M.; Spiliopoulou, C.; Agapiou, A. A study of volatile organic compounds evolved from the decaying human body. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 153, 147–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, C.; Ye, M.; Li, Z.; Cai, Y.; Tan, L.; Lin, H.; Sakaguchi, M. Changes in the volatile compounds of Yellowtail (Seriola aureovitata) during refrigerate storage. Asian Fish. Sci. 2000, 13, 263–270. [Google Scholar]
- Jónsdóttir, R.; Ólafsdóttir, G.; Chanie, E.; Haugen, J.-E. Volatile compounds suitable for rapid detection as quality indicators of cold smoked salmon (Salmo salar). Food Chem. 2008, 109, 184–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vass, A.A.; Smith, R.R.; Thompson, C.V.; Burnett, M.N.; Dulgerian, N.; Eckenrode, B.A. Odor Analysis of Decomposing Buried Human Remains. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008, 53, 384–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machiels, D.; van Ruth, S.M.; Posthumus, M.A.; Istasse, L. Gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis of the volatile compounds of two commercial Irish beef meats. Talanta 2003, 60, 755–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kai, P.; Schäfer, A. Identification of Key Odour components in Pig House Air using Hyphenated Gas Chromatography Olfactometry. Agric. Eng. Int. 2004, 6. Manuscript BC 04 006. [Google Scholar]
- Curioni, P.M.G.; Bosset, J.O. Key odorants in various cheese types as determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry. Int. Dairy J. 2002, 12, 959–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kite, G.C.; Hetterscheid, W.L.A.; Lewis, M.J.; Boyce, P.C.; Ollerton, J.; Cocklin, E.; Diaz, A.; Simmonds, M.S.J. Inflorescence odours and pollinators of Arum and Amorphophallus (Araceae). In Reproductive Biology; Owens, S.J., Rudall, P.J., Eds.; Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: London, UK, 1998; pp. 295–315. [Google Scholar]
- Hadacek, F.; Weber, M. Club-shaped organs as additional osmophores within the Sauromatum inflorescence: odour analysis, ultrastructural changes and pollination aspects. Plant Biol. 2002, 4, 367–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patt, J.M.; French, J.C.; Schal, C.; Lech, J.; Hartman, T.G. The pollination biology of Tuckahoe, Peltandra virginica (Araceae). Am. J. Bot. 1995, 82, 1230–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alves, R.J.V.; Pinto, A.C.; Da Costa, A.V.M.; Rezende, C.M. Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae) and the chemical composition of its floral fecal odor. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2005, 16, 654–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Sayed, A.M. The Pherobase: Database of Insect Pheromones and Semiochemicals. Available online: http://www.pherobase.com/ accessed on October 9, 2009.
- Dobson, H.E.M. Relationship between floral fragrance composition and type of pollinator. In Biology of Floral Scent; Dudareva, N.A., Pichersky, E., Eds.; CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2006; pp. 147–198. [Google Scholar]
- Skubatz, H.; Kunkel, D.D.; Howald, W.N.; Trenkle, R.; Mookherjee, B. The Sauromatum guttatum appendix as an osmophore: excretory pathways, composition of volatiles and attractiveness to insects. New Phytol. 1996, 134, 631–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diaz, A.; Kite, G.C. Why be a rewarding trap? The evolution of floral rewards in Arum (Araceae), a genus characterized by saprophilous pollination systems. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 2006, 88, 257–268. [Google Scholar]
- Vogel, S.; Martens, J. A survey of the function of the lethal kettle traps of Arisaema (Araceae), with records of pollinating fungus gnats from Nepal. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 2000, 133, 61–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kite, G.C.; Hetterscheid, W.L.A. Inflorescence odours of Amorphophallus and Pseudodracontium (Araceae). Phytochemistry 1997, 46, 71–75. [Google Scholar]
- Acree, T.; Arn, H. Flavornet. 2004. Available online: http://www.flavornet.org/flavornet.html/ accessed on October 9, 2009.
- Dunkel, M.; Schmidt, U.; Struck, S.; Berger, L.; Gruening, B.; Hossbach, J.; Jaeger, I.S.; Effmert, U.; Piechulla, B.; Eriksson, R.; Knudsen, J.; Preissner, R. SuperScent—A database of flavors and scents. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sigma Aldrich. SAFC Flavours and Fragrances Catalog 2007-2008. Available online: http://safcsupplysolutions.com/ accessed on October 9, 2009.
- Mottram, R. LRI and Odour database. Flavour Research Group, the University of Reading, United Kingdom. Available online: http://www.odour.org.uk/index.html/ accessed on October 9, 2009.
- Bruyns, P.V.; Jonkers, H.A. The genus Caralluma R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in Oman. Bradleya 1994, 11, 51–69. [Google Scholar]
- Meve, U.; Liede, S. Floral biology and pollination in stapeliads—new results and a literature review. Pl. Syst. Evol. 1994, 192, 99–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ollerton, J.; Liede, S. Pollination systems in the Asclepiadaceae: A survey and preliminary analysis. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 1997, 62, 593–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pisciotta, S.; Raspi, A.; Sajeva, M. submitted. First records of pollinators of two co-occurring Mediterranean Apocynaceae. Plant Biosyst.
- Jennings, W.; Shibamoto, T. Qualitative Analysis of Flavor and Fragrance Volatiles by Glass Capillary Chromatography; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Davies, N.W. Gas Cromatographyc detection indexes of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicone and Carbowax 20 M phases. J. Chromatogr. A 1990, 503, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adams, R.P. Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4th ed; Allured Publ. Corp.: Carol Stream, IL, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Clarke, K.R.; Warwick, R.M. Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, 2nd ed; Primer-E Ltd: Plymouth, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Formisano, C.; Senatore, F.; Della Porta, G.; Scognamiglio, M.; Bruno, M.; Maggio, A.; Rosselli, S.; Zito, P.; Sajeva, M. Headspace Volatile Composition of the Flowers of Caralluma europaea N.E.Br. (Apocynaceae). Molecules 2009, 14, 4597-4613. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14114597
Formisano C, Senatore F, Della Porta G, Scognamiglio M, Bruno M, Maggio A, Rosselli S, Zito P, Sajeva M. Headspace Volatile Composition of the Flowers of Caralluma europaea N.E.Br. (Apocynaceae). Molecules. 2009; 14(11):4597-4613. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14114597
Chicago/Turabian StyleFormisano, Carmen, Felice Senatore, Giovanna Della Porta, Mariarosa Scognamiglio, Maurizio Bruno, Antonella Maggio, Sergio Rosselli, Pietro Zito, and Maurizio Sajeva. 2009. "Headspace Volatile Composition of the Flowers of Caralluma europaea N.E.Br. (Apocynaceae)" Molecules 14, no. 11: 4597-4613. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14114597