Next Article in Journal / Special Issue
Pd-catalyzed Synthesis of β-Biarylacryl Ferrocenes via Suzuki Cross-coupling
Previous Article in Journal / Special Issue
Enantioselective Hydrogenations with Chiral Titanocenes
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 10
Issue 6
10.3390/10060620
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Developments of Chiral Metallocenes as Polymerization Catalysts

by
Yuushou Nakayama
* and
Takeshi Shiono
Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2005, 10(6), 620-633; https://doi.org/10.3390/10060620
Submission received: 2 April 2004 / Accepted: 30 August 2004 / Published: 14 July 2005
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Chemistry of Chiral Metallocenes)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This review article describes developments in chiral metallocenes as polymerization catalysts focusing on C2 symmetric ansa-zirconocene complexes. Selective synthesis of rac-isomers of ansa-zirconocenes are surveyed. Isospecific polymerizations of propylene catalyzed by chiral zirconocenes are summarized. Advanced series of polymerizations by chiral metallocenes such as asymmetric polymerization and polymerization of polar monomers are also introduced.

Introduction

Metallocenes of Group 4 metals have been attracted great attention as precursors of homogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts [1,2,3]. In comparison with heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts, the metallocene catalysts have many advantages based on their homogeneity. One of the most exciting features of the metallocene catalysts is the strong ligand effect on their catalytic behaviors such as activity, molecular weight control, and stereospecificity. Especially, tacticities of the resulting poly(α-olefin)s highly depend on the structures of the precatalysts: achiral simple metallocenes such as Cp2ZrCl2 (1, Cp = cyclopentadienyl) produce atactic polymers, while C2-symmetric chiral metallocenes such as rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrCl2 (rac-2, Ind = 1-indenyl)) and Cs-symmetric complexes such as Me2C(C5H4)(Flu)ZrCl2 (3, Flu = fluorenyl) yield isotactic and syndiotactic poly(α-olefin)s, respectively (Scheme 1).
Molecules 10 00620 g001 550
Scheme 1.
Scheme 1.
Molecules 10 00620 g001
Among these three types of metallocene catalysts, C2-symmetric chiral metallocenes are of great importance, because isotactic polypropylene is one of the most popular commodity resins. For the purpose of isospecific polymerization, contamination of achiral meso-isomers such as meso-2, which produce atactic polymers, should be avoided. In this review article, we survey developments of chiral metallocenes focusing on C2 symmetric ansa-zirconocene catalysts, including their selective synthesis and their catalytic behavior for stereospecific polymerization of α-olefins and polar monomers.

Selective Synthesis of Chiral ansa-Metallocenes

For the purpose of isospecific polymerization of α-olefins, chiral metallocenes are not necessary to be optically active, but should be free from undesired impurities such as achiral meso-isomers. Chiral ansa-metallocenes such as rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2MCl2 (M = Ti (rac-4), Zr (rac-2), Hf (rac-5)) had been synthesized by the reaction of MCl4(THF)2 and Li2{(C2H4)(Ind)2} [4,5,6,7]. However, these reactions are always suffered by the formation of byproducts such as undesired achiral meso-isomers and polymeric complexes. Thus, rac-selective syntheses of ansa-metallocenes have been studied.
A reaction of binaphtholate complex Cl2Ti(BIN) (BIN = 1,1’-bi-2-naphtholate) with C2Me4(C5H3But-3)2Li2 was reported to give a rac-isomer, rac-C2Me4(C5H3But-3)2Ti(BIN) (6), selectively [8], although the yield was rather low (~15%), probably due to the aggregation of Cl2Ti(BIN). The use of bulky biphenolate (BIP) ligands instead of binaphtholate substantially improved the yields [9]. Mononuclear zirconium biphenolates, Cl2Zr(BIP)(THF)2 (BIP = 3,3’-Pri2-6,6’-Me2-1,1’-bi-2-phenolate (7a), and 3,3’-But2-5,5’-Me2-1,1’-bi-2-phenolate (7b) react with (C2H4)(Ind)2Mg(THF)2 to give rac-isomers 8a and 8b directly in good yields (equation 1). The reaction of 3,3’,5,5’-But4-1,1’-bi-2-phenolate complex (7c) with (Me2Si)(Ind)2Li2 also directly affords a rac-complex 9c, while the reactions of 7c with bulkier substituted ansa-bis(indenyl) ligands such as Me2Si(2-MeInd)2, Me2Si(2-Me-4-PhInd)2, and Me2Si(2-Me-benz[e]Ind)2 initially give kinetic mixtures of meso- and rac-isomers. Heating the reaction mixtures to 75 °C for 5—7 h affords pure thermodynamically-favored rac-derivatives 10c—12c (Equation 2).
Molecules 10 00620 i001
Molecules 10 00620 i002
Jordan et al. developed amine-elimination approach for the selective synthesis of chiral rac-metallocenes (Scheme 2) [10,11,12,13]. The key features for high rac-selectivity is reversibility of the amine elimination reaction and thermodynamically higher stability of rac-isomers than meso-isomers.
Molecules 10 00620 g002 550
Scheme 2.
Scheme 2.
Molecules 10 00620 g002
The reaction of Zr(NMe2)4 with (C2H4)(Ind)2H2 under continuous N2 flow gives a 1:1 mixture of rac- and meso-(C2H4)(Ind)2Zr(NMe2)2. In sharp contrast, the same reaction under static N2 atmosphere affords (C2H4)(Ind)2Zr(NMe2)2 in a 13/1 rac/meso ratio, from which pure rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2Zr(NMe2)2 (rac-13) can be isolated in ~70% yield by a single crystallization. Treatment of the resulting chiral ansa-metallocene bis(amide) with Me3SiCl or AlMe3 affords the corresponding dichloride or dimethyl complex, respectively. The rac-selectivity is dependent on both the ansa-cyclopentadienyl ligand and amide ligand, e.g., the use of Zr(NEt2)4, Zr(NPri2)2(NMe2)2, and Zr(NC4H8)4, result in lower rac-selectivity than the case of Zr(NMe2)4 in the synthesis of (C2H4)(Ind)2Zr(NR2)2. This strategy is also effective for the rac-selective synthesis of silylene bridged metallocene complexes, when appropriate amide complexes are chosen depending on the ansa-cyclopentadienyl ligand used.
The amine elimination reaction is quite useful for the preparation of rather simple chiral ansa-metallocenes, but not so effective for bulky substituted bridged-indenyl derivatives. A chelating diamide complex, Zr{PhN(CH2)3NPh}Cl2(THF)2 was found to be an effective precursor for rac-selective synthesis of bulky ansa-metallocenes (14—17) (equation 3) [14]. Treatment of these complexes with Me3SiCl or HCl converts to the corresponding dichloride complexes
Molecules 10 00620 i003
A 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene complex is also effective for rac-selective synthesis of bulky ansa-metallocenes (Scheme 4) [15]. The diphenylbutadiene complex, ZrCl2(PR3)2(DPBD) (R = Et, Pri; DPBD = 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene), can be prepared by the reduction of ZrCl4(PR3)2 with Li metal in the presence of diphenylbutadiene in 90-93% yields. The treatment of ZrCl2(PR3)2(DPBD) with Li2{Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2} in toluene produces quantitatively the desired racemic, divalent ansa-zirconocene (18). The DPBD complex 18 can be used as highly active isospecific propylene polymerization catalyst in combination with MAO without the conversion to the corresponding dichloride or dimethyl complexes.
Molecules 10 00620 i004

Isospecific Polymerization of Propylene by Chiral ansa-Type (Bridged) Metallocenes

In 1984, Ewen found that chiral ansa-metallocene catalysts promote isospecific polymerization of propylene [16]. A mixture of meso- and rac-isomers of (C2H4)(Ind)2TiCl2 (4) upon activation with MAO afforded a mixture of isotactic PP and atactic PP [16], this opened a new era of mtallocene catalyst. Examples of chiral metallocenes as precursors of olefin polymerization catalysts are illustrated in Scheme 3, and the representative results of isospecific polymerization of propylene are shown in Table 1.
Molecules 10 00620 g003 550
Scheme 3.
Scheme 3.
Molecules 10 00620 g003
Table
Table 1. Isospecific Polymerization of Propylene by Chiral Metallocenes upon Activation with MAO.
Table 1. Isospecific Polymerization of Propylene by Chiral Metallocenes upon Activation with MAO.
CatalystTemp (°C)ActivityaMn/103Mw/Mnmmmm (%)Tm (°C)ref.
ansa-Metallocenes
(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrCl2 (2)601.3756.31.963—[58]
307.035.9 b2.4085.2142.3[22]
rac-(C2H4)(IndH4)2ZrCl2 (19)204.7545 b1.995c—[18]
rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2 (20)6511.0 d44 b2.296.2 c—[21]
rac-Me2Si(2,3,5-Me3Cp)2ZrCl2 (21)305.3134b1.9997.7162.0[22]
rac-Me2Si(3-But-5-MeCp)2ZrCl2 (22)500.5059.19 b2.594149[23]
rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-PhInd)2ZrCl2 (23)70755729—95.2157[24]
rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-NaphInd) 2ZrCl2 (24)70875920—99.1161[24]
rac-Me2Si(Benz[e]Ind)2 ZrCl2 (25)4037.5281.793.9146.6[26]
rac-Me2Si(2-Me-Benz[e]Ind)2ZrCl2 (26)4045.02482.296.2164.1[26]
rac-Me2Si(5-Me-1-Ph-4-Pyr[b]Cp)2ZrCl2 (27)70443d145b——146[27]
rac-Me2Si(2,5-Me2-1-Ph-4-Pyr[b]Cp)2ZrCl2 (28)70324d198b——155[27]
rac-Me2Si(2,5-Me2-3-Ph-6-Tp[b]Cp)2ZrCl2 (29)701953d445b——156[27]
rac-Me2Si{2,5-Me2-3-(2-MeC6H4)-6-Tp[b]-Cp}2ZrCl2 (30)70850d604b——160[27]
rac-Me2Si{2,5-Me2-3-(2,5-Me2C6H3)-6-Tp[b] Cp}2ZrCl2 (31)70479d795b——160[27]
rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2HfCl2 (5)5043.6304b2.395–99 e136[29]
rac-(C2H4)(IndH4)2HfCl2 (34)509.1150b2.295–99 e142[29]
rac-Me2Si(2,3,5-Me3Cp)2HfCl2300.102562.3898.7162.8[22]
(C2H4)(Ind)2TiCl2 (4) (56% rac 44% meso)–600.018d96.61.5954c—[16]
MeCH(Ind)(C5Me4)TiCl2 (35)500.16766.61.94051.2
66.0		[32]
Unbridged Metallocenes
Cp2TiPh2 (37)–600.055d1951.853—[16]
rac-(PhMeCHCp)2ZrCl2 (38)–500.026d310f—43—[36]
rac-(CyMeCHCy)2ZrCl2 (39)–500.003d86f—51—[36]
rac-{(9-BBN)CH2CH(Ph)Cp}2ZrCl2 (40)–500.012d11f—54—[36]
rac-{(9-BBN)CH2CH(Cy)Cp}2ZrCl2 (41)–500.005d10f—75—[36]
{2-(1-neoisomenthyl)Ind}2ZrCl2 (42)–300.032d260f—77—[37]
{2-(3’-α-cholestanyl)Ind}2ZrCl2 (43)–300.041d470 f—80—[38]
(1-MeFlu)2ZrCl2 (44)600.035d65b—83145[40]
a Kg mmol–1h–1atm–1.  d Kg mmol–1h–1
b Mw value.  e mole % of units with the same relative configuration.
c mm value.  f Mη value.
The isospecificity of (C2H4)(Ind)2ZrCl2 (2)/MAO in the polymerization of propylene tends to decrease with raising polymerization temperature and decreasing [Al]/[Zr] ratio [17]. Brintzinger found that a pure rac isomer of ansa-zirconocene, rac-(C2H4)(IndH4)2ZrCl2 (19, IndH4 = tetrahydroindenyl), polymerized propylene to produce isotactic polypropylene [18]. The investigation on the stereo- and regioirregularity of the polypropylenes obtained by rac-2 and 19 concluded that the isospecific polymerizations by the chiral ansa-metallocene catalysts proceed with the enantiomorphic site control mechanism [19]. This is in sharp contrast to the fact that stereospecific polymerizations by achiral titanocenes proceed with chain end control [20].
C2-Symmetric silylene bridged metallocenes are also catalyst precursors for isospecific polymerization of propylene. Actually, a silylene bridged derivative, rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2 (20) [21], shows higher activity and isospesificity than the ethylene-bridged complex 2. A C2-symmetric silylene-bridged bis(trimethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium complex, rac-Me2Si(2,3,5-Me3Cp)2ZrCl2 (21) [22], exhibits quite high isospecificity to give polymers with high molecular weight and high melting point. A tert-butyl substituted complex, rac-Me2Si(3-But-5-MeCp)2ZrCl2 (22) [23], is less stereospecific than 21. Silylenebis(indenyl)complexes having aromatic group at 4-position of the indenyl rings, rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-PhInd)2ZrCl2 (23) and rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-NaphInd) 2ZrCl2 (24), show high activity and high isospecificity to produce high molecular weight polymers. The isospecificity of the 24/MAO system seems to be highest among those of the metallocene catalysts.
Complexes having extended fused aromatic rings, rac-Me2Si(Benz[e]Ind)2ZrCl2 (25) and rac-Me2Si(2-Me-Benz[e]Ind)2ZrCl2 (26), are also effective for isospecific polymerization of propylene [24,25,26]. In comparison between 25 and 26, the Me-substituent at 2-position of the indenyl group in 26 was found to be effective for suppression of chain transfer to produce high molecular weight polymers [26]. The fused pyrrol complexes 27 and 28 are slightly less active and less isoselective but more regioselective in comparison with the similar indenyl complex 23 under the same conditions [27]. The fused thiophene complexes 29—31 are notable for the highest activity among the reported propylene polymerization catalysts [27]. Their isospecificity is only slightly lower and their regioselectivity is higher than those of 23.
Chiral C2-symmetric doubly bridged zirconocene complexes, (Me2Si)2{1,2-(3,4-Me2Cp)}2ZrCl2 (32) and (Me2Si)2(1,2-IndH4)2ZrCl2 (33), produced polypropylene in the presence of MAO, but their isospecificities (mmmm = 38 and 80%, respectively) are lower than the similar singly bridged metallocenes [28].
The ethylene-bridged hafnocenes, rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2HfCl2 (5) and rac-(C2H4)(IndH4)2HfCl2 (34), also catalyze isospecific polymerization of propylene upon the activation by MAO [29]. The hafnium catalysts produce polypropylenes with similar isotacticities and higher molecular weights in comparison with zirconium catalysts, however, their activities are significantly lower than the zirconium catalysts.
Stereospecificities of chiral C1-symmetric complexes depend on their steric hindrances. For example, a 3-methyl substitutedcomplex, Me2C(3-MeCp)(Flu)ZrCl2, provides hemiisotactic polypropylene [30], while the similar tert-butyl substituted complex, Me2C(3-ButCp)(Flu)ZrCl2, affords isotactic polypropylene [31].
Chiral titanocene complexes such as 4 also produce isotactic polypropylene, however, their activities and isospecificities tend to be lower than the similar zirconium catalysts [32]. Chiral C1-symmetric ethylidene-bridged titanium complexes, MeCH(Ind)(C5Me4)TiX2/MAO (X = Cl (35), Me (36)) polymerize propylene to give a stereoblock polymer comprising alternating sequences of stereoregular and stereoirregular polypropylene, which is a thermoplastic elastomer [32,33,34].

Isospecific Polymerization of Propylene by Unbridged Metallocenes

Some unbridged metallocenes having chiral substituents on Cp rings catalyze isospecific polymerization of propylene. Examples of such complexes are illustrated in Scheme 4, and the representative results are included in Table 1. A simple achiral metallocene catalyst, Cp2TiPh2 (37)/MAO, promotes isospecific polymerization of propylene (mmmm ~ 50%) at low temperature by chain-end control mechanism [16]. Zirconocene complexes having chiral substituents on Cp rings, rac-(R*Cp)2ZrCl2 (38—41), produces partially isotactic polypropylene (mmmm ~75%) at low temperature upon activation with MAO [35,36]. Bis(indenyl)zirconium complexes having bulky chiral substituents on indenyl rings, (R*Ind)2ZrCl2 (R* = neoisomenthy (42), 3-α-cholestanyl (43)), are more isospecific (mmmm = 77% for 42, 80% for 43) than 38—41 [37,38,39].
A reaction of ZrCl4 with two equiv. of 1-methylfluorenyllithium selectively affords a stereorigid and chiral zirconocene, (1-MeFlu)2ZrCl2 (44), because of steric effect of the ligand. The complex 44 together with MAO polymerized propylene to give polypropylene with relatively high isotacticity among the unbridged zirconocene systems even at 60 °C [40].
A unique unbridged bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium complex (45) gave elastic, isotactic-atactic stereoblock polypropylene controlled by rotation of the 2-phenylindenyl as shown in Scheme 5 [41].
Molecules 10 00620 g004 550
Scheme 4.
Scheme 4.
Molecules 10 00620 g004
Molecules 10 00620 g005 550
Scheme 5.
Scheme 5.
Molecules 10 00620 g005

Asymmetric Polymerization by Enantiopure Chiral Metallocenes

Polymerization of 1,5-hexadiene by an enantiopure ansa-zirconocene (46)/MAO system proceeds with cyclization to give an main-chain optically active trans-diisotactic polymer (equation 5, 68% trans rings) [42,43,44]. The enantioselectivity for this cyclopolymerization can be explained by the fact that the same prochiral face of olefins was selected by the chiral zirconium center. Asymmetric hydrogenation as well as C-C bond formation catalyzed by 46 has recently been developed to achieve high enantioselectivity. This parallels to the high stereoselectivity in the polymerization.
Molecules 10 00620 i005
Enantiopure doubly bridged metallocenes 47—50 (Scheme 6) are effective for kinetic resolution of racemic mixture of chiral α-olefins by enantio-selective polymerization [45]. The zirconocene dichlorides having an enantiopure methylneopentyl group on the “upper” cyclopentadienyl ligand 47—49 showed unprecedent activity for the polymerization of -olefins having bulky substituents at 3- and/or 4-positions. these complexes achieved partial kinetic resolution of 3-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-hexene, and 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene (s = kfaster/kslower ≈ 2), and in paricular, realized high resolution of 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene (s > 15 for 47). The zirconocene dichlorides having an enantiopure 1-cyclohexylethyl group on the “lower” cyclopentadienyl ligand 50a and 50b are less effective for kinetic resolution of those monomers than 47—49.
Molecules 10 00620 g006 550
Scheme 6.
Scheme 6.
Molecules 10 00620 g006

Isospecific Polymerization of Polar Monomers

Metallocene catalysts are also effective for the polymerization of polar monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), and the representative results of the polymerization of MMA are listed in Table 2.
Table
Table 2. Isospecific Polymerization of MMA by Chiral Metallocenes.
Table 2. Isospecific Polymerization of MMA by Chiral Metallocenes.
Catalyst (Initiator)Temp (°C)[MMA]0/[cat.]Time (h)Yield (%)Mn/103Mw/Mnmm (%)mr (%)rr (%)ref.
rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrMe2 (54)
/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]
/Zn(CH2CH2CH=CH2)2		0187024485991.3098.01.30.7[50]
rac-(C2H4)(IndH4)2ZrMe2 (55)
/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]
/Zn(CH2CH2CH=CH2)2		0187024643391.2595.53.31.2[50]
rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe2 (56)
/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]
/Zn(CH2CH2CH=CH2)2		0187024343451.3491.45.32.3[50]
rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe2 (56)
/B(C6F4-2-C6F5)3		09355.5100——93.04.82.2[51]
rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrMe2 (54)/B(C6F5)3r.t.20019848.71.209541[52]
rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe2 (56)/Al(C6F5)30200410073.91.324.634.660.8[53]
rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrMe{OC(OPri)=CMe2} (57)/B(C6F5)3r.t.4001/6>9948.61.0396.72.21.1[55]
[rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2Zr{OC(OPri)=CMe2}]-[MeB(C6F5)3] (58)r.t.6001/6>9975.51.0395.33.21.5[55]
rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2Zr+Me-OCPriOAl–(C6F5)3 (59)r.t.400209051.91.936.634.259.2[55]
A cationic achiral zirconocene, [Cp2ZrMe(THF)][BPh4] (51), polymerize MMA in the presence of neutral zirconocene, Cp2ZrMe2 (52), to give syndiotactic-rich poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by chain-end control mechanism [46]. A two component system composed of neutral zirconocene ester enolate complex, Cp2ZrMe{OC(OBut)=CMe2} (53) as initiator and 51 as catalyst polymerize MMA in a living fashion, and also produces syndiotactic-rich PMMA [47,48].
In contrast, chiral ansa-zirconocene catalysts produce highly isotactic PMMAs via enantiomorphic site-control mechanism. Chiral ethylene-bridged complexes, rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrMe2 (54), rac-(C2H4)(IndH4)2ZrMe2 (55) and rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrMe2 (56), catalyze polymerization of MMA in the presence of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] and ZnR2 (R = Me, Et, n-Bu, 1-buten-4-yl) to give highly isotactic PMMA (mm ~98%) at 0 °C [49,50].
Although the 54‑56/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] systems are inactive for MMA polymerization without ZnR2, the use of B(C6F4-2-C6F5)3 (PBB) as a cocatalyst for zirconocene dimethyl complexes develops catalytic activity for MMA polymerization without ZnR2 [51]. Thus, 56/B(C6F4-2-C6F5)3 shows higher activity and higher isospecificity than the three-component 56/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]/ZnR2 system. The 54/B(C6F5)3 system rapidly polymerizes MMA in CH2Cl2 to give highly isotactic PMMA with narrow molecular weight distribution [52].
In a sharp contrast to the case of boron-containing cocatalysts, the use of an aluminum-based cocatalyst Al(C6F5)3 yields syndiotactic-rich PMMA even in a combination of chiral metallocene 56 [53]. The polymerization by the Al(C6F5)3 system is proposed to proceed via enolaluminate. A unique combination of the isospecific metallocene catalyst and syndiospecific aluminum catalyst realize isotactic-b-syndiotactic stereoblock copolymerization of MMA ([mm]/[mr]/[rr] = 46.4/7.9/45.7) (Scheme 7) [54].
The active species in these MMA polymerization by zirconocene systems had been suggested to be metal enolates, therefore chiral ansa-zirconocene ester enolates were isolated to reveal the polymerization mechanism [55]. The chiral ansa-zirconocene diamide complex rac-13 can be derived to a ester enolate complex, rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrMe{OC(OPri)=CMe2} (57). The complex 57 reacts with B(C6F5)3 in THF to give a cationic complex [rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2Zr(THF){OC(OPri)=CMe2}][MeB(C6F5)3] (58) as expected, while the reaction of 57 with Al(C6F5)3 yields a tight ion pair rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2Zr+MeOCPriOAl–(C6F5)3 (59) with liberating propylene (Scheme 8). Both the 57/B(C6F5)3 and 58 systems show high activity for the polymerization of MMA to afford highly isotactic PMMA with extremely narrow molecular weight distribution. In contrast, the ion pair 59 produces syndiotactic-rich PMMA.
Molecules 10 00620 g007 550
Scheme 7.
Scheme 7.
Molecules 10 00620 g007
Molecules 10 00620 g008 550
Scheme 8.
Scheme 8.
Molecules 10 00620 g008
Cationic chiral C1-symmetric ansa-zirconocene methyl complexes such as [Me2Si(C5H4)(3-R-C5H3)ZrMe][MeB(C6F5)3] (R = H, Me, Cy, Pri, But) and butadiene derivatives show moderate activity for MMA polymerization．These two series of catalysts have substantial difference in stereoselectivity in MMA polymerization probably due to an influence of the respective counteranions [56].
The cationic complex 58 also achieved highly isospecific and controlled polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) for the first time [57]. The polymerizations of DMAA by cationic methyl complexes [rac-(C2H4)(Ind)2ZrMe][MeM(C6F5)3] (M = B and Al) produce isotactic-rich poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA, mm = 93% and 61%, respectively). Both complexes yielded highly isotactic PDMAA (mm = 98%) in the presence of radical-inhibitor (galvinoxyl), but their molecular weight distributions are broad. The cationic ester enolate complex 58 selectively promotes coordination polymerization of DMAA even without radical-inhibitor to afford almost perfectly isotactic (mm > 99%) PDMAA with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mn = 92.7 kg/mol, Mw/Mn = 1.07) and high melting point (Tm = 306 °C).

Conclusions

Because of their commercial importance, chiral zirconocenes developed at first as catalyst precursors for the isospecific polymerization of α-olefins, especially of propylene. Now, research interests seem to be moving onto the polymerization of functionalized monomers. Highly stereoregular polymerization of many technologically important polar monomers still remains challenging. Because both enantioselective polymerization of hydrocarbon monomers and isospecific polymerization of polar monomers had been achieved, asymmetric polymerization of polar monomers by enantiopure chiral metallocene catalysts could also be possible. Thus, polymerization of polar monomers by chiral metallocenes seems to be promising.

References

  1. Scheirs, J.; Kaminsky, W. Metallocene-Based Polyolefins; John Wiley & Suns Ltd: West Sussex, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  2. Mashima, K.; Nakayama, Y.; Nakamura, A. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1997, 133, 1.
  3. Britovsek, G. J. P.; Gibson, V. C.; Wass, D. F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 428. [CrossRef]
  4. Wild, F. R. W. P.; Zsolnai, L.; Huttner, G.; Brintzinger, H. H. J. Organomet. Chem. 1982, 232, 233.
  5. Wild, F. R. W. P.; Wasiucionek, M.; Huttner, G.; Brintzinger, H. H. J. Organomet. Chem. 1985, 288, 63.
  6. Grossman, R. B.; Doyle, R. A.; Buchwald, S. L. Organometallics 1991, 10, 1501.
  7. Lee, I.-M.; Gauthier, W. J.; Ball, J. M.; Iyengar, B.; Collins, S. Organometallics 1992, 11, 2115.
  8. Erickson, M. S.; Fronczek, F. R.; McLaughlin, M. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 1991, 415, 75.
  9. Damrau, H.-R. H.; Royo, E.; Obert, S.; Schaper, F.; Weeber, A.; Brintzinger, H.-H. Organometallics 2001, 20, 5258.
  10. Diamond, G. M.; Jordan, R. F.; Petersen, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8024.
  11. Diamond, G. M.; Jordan, R. F.; Petersen, J. L. Organometallics 1996, 16, 4030.
  12. Christopher, J. N.; Diamond, G. M.; Jordan, R. F.; Petersen, J. L. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4038.
  13. Diamond, G. M.; Jordan, R. F.; Petersen, J. L. Organometallics 1996, 15, 4045.
  14. Zhang, X.; Zhu, Q.; Guzei, I. A.; Jordan, R. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8093.
  15. Chen, E. Y.-X.; Richard, E.; Campbell, J.; Devore, D. D.; Green, D. P.; Link, B.; Soto, J.; Wilson, D. R.; Abboud, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 42.
  16. Ewen, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 6355.
  17. Rieger, B.; Mu, X.; Mallin, D. T.; Rausch, M. D.; Chien, J. C. W. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3559.
  18. Kaminsky, W.; Kulper, K.; Brintzinger, H. H.; Wild, F. R. W. P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1985, 24, 507. [CrossRef]
  19. Grassi, A.; Zambelli, A.; Resconi, L.; Albizzati, E.; Mazzocchi, R. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 617.
  20. Longo, P.; Grassi, A.; Pellecchia, C.; Zambelli, A. Macromolecules 1987, 20, 1015.
  21. Herrmann, W. A.; Rohrmann, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28, 1511. [CrossRef]
  22. Mise, T.; Miya, S.; Yamazaki, H. Chem. Lett. 1989, 1853.
  23. Röll, W.; Brinztinger, H.-H.; Rieger, B.; Zolk, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 279. [CrossRef]
  24. Spaleck, W.; Küber, F.; Winter, A.; Rohrmann, J.; Bachmann, B.; Antberg, M.; Dolle, V.; Paulus, E. F. Organometallics 1994, 13, 954.
  25. Stehling, U.; Diebold, J.; Röll, W.; Brintzinger, H. H. Organometallics 1994, 13, 964.
  26. Jüngling, S.; Mülhaupt, R.; Stehling, U.; Brintzinger, H.-H.; Fischer, D.; Langhauser, F. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1995, 33, 1305.
  27. Ewen, J. A.; Elder, M. J.; Jones, R. L.; Rheingold, A. L.; Liable-Sands, L. M.; Sommer, R. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 4763.
  28. Mengele, W.; Diebold, J.; Troll, C.; Röll, W.; Brintzinger, H.-H. Organometallics 1993, 12, 1931.
  29. Ewen, J. A.; Haspeslagh, L.; Atwood, J. L.; Zhang, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 6544.
  30. Farina, M.; Silvestro, G. D.; Sozzani, P. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 946.
  31. Ewen, J. A. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 89, 181. [CrossRef]
  32. Mallin, D. T.; Rausch, M. D.; Lin, Y.-G.; Dong, S.; Chien, J. C. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2030.
  33. Chien, J. C. W.; Llinas, G. H.; Rausch, M. D.; Lin, G.-Y.; Winter, H. H.; Atwood, J. L.; Bott, S. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 8569.
  34. Llinas, G. H.; Dong, S.-H.; Mallin, D. T.; Rausch, M. D.; Lin, Y.-G.; Winter, H. H.; Chien, J. C. W. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 1242.
  35. Erker, G.; Nolte, R.; Tsay, Y.-H.; Krüger, C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28, 628. [CrossRef]
  36. Erker, G.; Nolte, R.; Aul, R.; Wilker, S.; Krüger, C.; Noe, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7594.
  37. Erker, G.; Aulbach, M.; Knickmeier, M.; Wingbermühle, D.; Krüger, C.; Nolte, M.; Werner, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4590.
  38. Erker, G.; Temme, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 4004.
  39. Erker, G. Pure and Appl. Chem. 1992, 64, 393.
  40. Razavi, A.; Atwood, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7529.
  41. Coates, C. W.; Waymouth, R. M. Science 1995, 267, 217.
  42. Coates, G. W.; Waymouth, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 91.
  43. Waymouth, R.; Pino, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4911.
  44. Pino, P. J. Organomet. Chem. 1990, 370, 1.
  45. Baar, C. R.; Levy, C. J.; Min, E. Y.-J.; Henling, L. M.; Day, M. W.; Bercaw, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8216.
  46. Collins, S.; Ward, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5460.
  47. Li, Y.; Ward, D. G.; Reddy, S. S.; Collins, S. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 1875.
  48. Collins, S.; Ward, D. G.; Suddaby, K. H. Macromolecules 1994, 2, 24.
  49. Soga, K.; Deng, H.; Yano, T.; Shiono, T. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 7938.
  50. Deng, H.; Shiono, T.; Soga, K. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 3067.
  51. Chen, Y.-X. E.; Metz, M. V.; Li, L.; Stern, C. L.; Marks, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6287.
  52. Cameron, P. A.; Gibson, V. C.; Graham, A. J. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 4329.
  53. Bolig, A. D.; Chen, E. Y.-X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7943.
  54. Bolig, A. D.; Chen, E. Y.-X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5612.
  55. Bolig, A. D.; Chen, E. Y.-X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4897.
  56. Strauch, J. W.; Faure, J.-L.; Bredeau, S.; Wang, C.; Kehr, G.; Frohlich, R.; Luftmann, H.; Erker, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 2089.
  57. Mariott, W. R.; Chen, E. Y.-X. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 4741.
  58. Bochmann, M.; Lancaster, S. J. Organometallics 1993, 12, 633.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Nakayama, Y.; Shiono, T. Developments of Chiral Metallocenes as Polymerization Catalysts. Molecules 2005, 10, 620-633. https://doi.org/10.3390/10060620

AMA Style

Nakayama Y, Shiono T. Developments of Chiral Metallocenes as Polymerization Catalysts. Molecules. 2005; 10(6):620-633. https://doi.org/10.3390/10060620

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nakayama, Yuushou, and Takeshi Shiono. 2005. "Developments of Chiral Metallocenes as Polymerization Catalysts" Molecules 10, no. 6: 620-633. https://doi.org/10.3390/10060620

APA Style

Nakayama, Y., & Shiono, T. (2005). Developments of Chiral Metallocenes as Polymerization Catalysts. Molecules, 10(6), 620-633. https://doi.org/10.3390/10060620

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop