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Entropy
Volume 27
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10.3390/e27101038
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Multiscale Permutation Time Irreversibility Analysis of MEG in Patients with Schizophrenia

by
Dengxuan Bai
1,
Muxuan Xue
2,
Yining Wang
2,
Zhen Zhang
2,
Xiaoli Chen
2,
Wenpo Yao
3,* and
Jun Wang
4,*
1
Institute of Intelligent Information, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
2
College of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
3
School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
4
Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Entropy 2025, 27(10), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101038 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 May 2025 / Revised: 30 September 2025 / Accepted: 30 September 2025 / Published: 4 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Entropy and Biology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The use of questionnaire survey results as a clinical diagnostic method for schizophrenia lacks a certain degree of objectivity; thus, markers of schizophrenia in different brain signals have been widely investigated. The objective of this investigation was to explore potential markers of schizophrenia by investigating nonequilibrium features in magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals. We propose a new method to quantify the nonequilibrium features of MEG signals: the multiscale permutation time irreversibility (MsPTIRR) index. The results revealed that the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings of patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those of the healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings of patients with schizophrenia and HCs differed significantly in the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobe regions. Furthermore, the MsPTIRR indices of the MEG recordings differed significantly between patients with schizophrenia and HCs in the θ, α and β bands. Abnormal nonequilibrium features mined in MEG recordings using the MsPTIRR index may be used as potential markers for schizophrenia, assisting in the clinical diagnosis of this disorder.
Keywords: magnetoencephalography; schizophrenia; time irreversibility; nonequilibrium; multiscale magnetoencephalography; schizophrenia; time irreversibility; nonequilibrium; multiscale

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bai, D.; Xue, M.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, X.; Yao, W.; Wang, J. Multiscale Permutation Time Irreversibility Analysis of MEG in Patients with Schizophrenia. Entropy 2025, 27, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101038

AMA Style

Bai D, Xue M, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen X, Yao W, Wang J. Multiscale Permutation Time Irreversibility Analysis of MEG in Patients with Schizophrenia. Entropy. 2025; 27(10):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101038

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bai, Dengxuan, Muxuan Xue, Yining Wang, Zhen Zhang, Xiaoli Chen, Wenpo Yao, and Jun Wang. 2025. "Multiscale Permutation Time Irreversibility Analysis of MEG in Patients with Schizophrenia" Entropy 27, no. 10: 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101038

APA Style

Bai, D., Xue, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, X., Yao, W., & Wang, J. (2025). Multiscale Permutation Time Irreversibility Analysis of MEG in Patients with Schizophrenia. Entropy, 27(10), 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101038

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