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Article

A Dissipative Phenomenon: The Mechanical Model of the Cosmological Axion Influence

1
Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
2
Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Electrophysics, Kálmán Kandó Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Óbuda University, Tavaszmező u. 17, H-1084 Budapest, Hungary
3
Department of Natural Sciences, National University of Public Service, Ludovika tér 2, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Entropy 2025, 27(10), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101036
Submission received: 20 August 2025 / Revised: 21 September 2025 / Accepted: 30 September 2025 / Published: 2 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dissipative Physical Dynamics)

Abstract

The appearance of a negative mass term in the classical, non-relativistic Klein–Gordon equation deduced from mechanical interactions describes a repulsive interaction. In the case of a traveling wave, this results in an increase in amplitude and a decrease in the wave propagation velocity. Since this leads to dissipation, it is a symmetry-breaking phenomenon. After the repulsive interaction is eliminated, the system evolves towards the original state. Given that the interactions within the system are conservative, it would be assumed that even the original state is restored. The analysis to be presented shows that a wave with a lower angular frequency than the original one is transformed back to a slightly larger amplitude. This description is a suitable model of the axion effect, during which an electromagnetic wave interacts with a repulsive field and becomes of a continuously lower frequency.
Keywords: axion effect; symmetry breaking; frequency shift; cosmology; Lagrangian; Klein-Gordon equations with opposite sign mass terms; dynamic transition axion effect; symmetry breaking; frequency shift; cosmology; Lagrangian; Klein-Gordon equations with opposite sign mass terms; dynamic transition

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MDPI and ACS Style

Márkus, F.; Gambár, K. A Dissipative Phenomenon: The Mechanical Model of the Cosmological Axion Influence. Entropy 2025, 27, 1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101036

AMA Style

Márkus F, Gambár K. A Dissipative Phenomenon: The Mechanical Model of the Cosmological Axion Influence. Entropy. 2025; 27(10):1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101036

Chicago/Turabian Style

Márkus, Ferenc, and Katalin Gambár. 2025. "A Dissipative Phenomenon: The Mechanical Model of the Cosmological Axion Influence" Entropy 27, no. 10: 1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101036

APA Style

Márkus, F., & Gambár, K. (2025). A Dissipative Phenomenon: The Mechanical Model of the Cosmological Axion Influence. Entropy, 27(10), 1036. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101036

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