Hand Areas Which Are Commonly Missed during Hand Disinfection by Nursing Students Who Completed a Basic Educational Course in Hand Hygiene
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Procedures
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
- The method of assessing the quality of disinfection applied in this study makes it possible to assess the correct performance of this procedure among nursing students.
- In the examined group of students significant problems in performing the procedure of hand disinfection were observed and they were connected mostly with thumbs of both hands and backs of both hands.
- It seems legitimate that regular training and assessment of the compliance with hand hygiene procedures should take place after completing each cycle of nursing education and special attention should be paid to controlling if the person responsible for training and assessing students also performs hand hygiene procedures in the correct way.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Statistics | Area of the Hand | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I n = 190 | II n = 190 | III n = 190 | IV n = 190 | V n = 190 | VI n = 190 | VII n = 190 | VIII n = 190 | IX n = 190 | X n = 190 | XI n = 190 | XII n = 190 | XIII n = 190 | p * | |
Palm of the left hand | ||||||||||||||
completely clean, n (%) | 171 (90) | 179 (94) | 182 (96) | 182 (96) | 169 (89) | 168 (88) | 179 (94) | 180 (95) | 179 (94) | 177 (93) | 186 (98) | 184 (97) | 175 (92) | |
completely dirty, n (%) | 6 (3) | 5 (3) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 9 (5) | 6 (3) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | |
percentiles 90 (85–95) | 0 (0–42) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 5 (0–72) | 5 (0–40) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–28) | 0.0201 |
Palm of the right hand | ||||||||||||||
completely clean, n (%) | 173 (91) | 181 (95) | 181 (95) | 179 (94) | 178 (94) | 169 (89) | 183 (96) | 181 (95) | 179 (94) | 180 (95) | 184 (97) | 183 (96) | 174 (92) | |
completely dirty, n (%) | 8 (4) | 6 (3) | 5 (3) | 7 (4) | 7 (4) | 7 (4) | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 5 (3) | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 5 (3) | |
percentiles 90 (85–95) | 0 (0–78) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–8) | 0 (0–8) | 6 (0–58) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–8) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–21) | 0.0455 |
Back of the left hand | ||||||||||||||
completely clean, n (%) | 106 (56) | 112 (59) | 113 (59) | 119 (63) | 122 (64) | 117 (62) | 143 (75) | 145 (76) | 147 (77) | 149 (78) | 154 (81) | 146 (77) | 134 (71) | |
completely dirty, n (%) | 29 (15) | 26 (14) | 30 (16) | 29 (15) | 30 (16) | 4 (2) | 24 (13) | 24 (13) | 19 (10) | 22 (12) | 20 (11) | 16 (8) | 18 (9) | |
percentiles 80 (70–90) | 52 (20–100) | 32 (16–100) | 35 (17–100) | 36 (15–100) | 40 (11–100) | 20 (15–36) | 10 (0–100) | 10 (0–100) | 5 (0–82) | 5 (0–100) | 0 (0–100) | 10 (0–66) | 20 (0–81) | 0.0548 |
Back of the right hand | ||||||||||||||
completely clean, n (%) | 89 (47) | 112 (59) | 106 (56) | 115 (61) | 119 (63) | 108 (57) | 136 (72) | 130 (68) | 136 (72) | 139 (73) | 147 (77) | 141 (74) | 123 (65) | |
completely dirty, n (%) | 37 (19) | 34 (18) | 33 (17) | 32 (17) | 32 (17) | 16 (8) | 33 (17) | 33 (17) | 25 (13) | 30 (16) | 26 (14) | 25 (13) | 32 (17) | |
percentiles 80 (70–90) | 91 (37–100) | 65 (20–100) | 72 (30–100) | 50 (20–100) | 50 (15–100) | 30 (15–90) | 16 (0–100) | 51 (5–100) | 11 (0–100) | 10 (0–100) | 16 (0–100) | 20 (0–100) | 36 (15–100) | 0.0001 |
Palm of the Left Hand (n = 190) | Palm of the Right Hand (n = 190) | Back of the Left Hand (n = 190) | Back of the Right Hand (n = 190) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Dirt ≥ 10% | Dirt ≥ 10% | Dirt ≥ 10% | Dirt ≥ 10% |
I | 14 (7.37) | 14 (7.37) | 76 (40) | 89 (46.84) |
II | 8 (4.21) | 7 (3.68) | 69 (36.32) | 71 (37.37) |
III | 5 (2.63) | 6 (3.16) | 69 (36.32) | 78 (41.05) |
IV | 5 (2.63) | 10 (5.26) | 63 (33.16) | 71 (37.37) |
V | 16 (8.42) | 10 (5.26) | 59 (31.05) | 66 (34.74) |
VI | 18 (9.47) | 19 (10) | 66 (34.74) | 78 (41.05) |
VII | 8 (4.21) | 5 (2.63) | 41 (21.58) | 46 (24.21) |
VIII | 7 (3.68) | 7 (3.68) | 39 (20.53) | 53 (27.89) |
IX | 7 (3.68) | 10 (5.26) | 36 (18.95) | 45 (23.68) |
X | 9 (4.74) | 8 (4.21) | 34 (17.89) | 44 (23.16) |
XI | 4 (2.11) | 6 (3.16) | 31 (16.32) | 42 (22.11) |
XII | 6 (3.16) | 7 (3.68) | 43 (22.63) | 48 (25.26) |
XIII | 15 (7.89) | 14 (7.37) | 51 (26.84) | 64 (33.68) |
χ2 | 55.7 | 40.6 | 141.6 | 136.6 |
p ** | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Total Number of Areas with Dirt ≥ 10% | 0 | 1–2 | 3–10 | >10 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Palm of left hand, areas I-XIII | 148 (78) | 32 (17) | 6 (3) | 4 (2) |
Palm of right hand, areas I-XIII | 148 (78) | 30 (16) | 9 (5) | 3 (2) |
Back of left hand, areas I-XIII | 59 (31) | 48 (25) | 63 (33) | 20 (11) |
Back of right hand, areas I-XIII | 44 (23) | 54 (28) | 64 (34) | 28 (15) |
Both palms of hands, areas 2x (I-XIII) | 140 (74) | 25 (13) | 20 (11) | 5 (3) |
Both backs of hands, areas 2x (I-XIII) | 34 (18) | 50 (26) | 43 (23) | 63 (33) |
Both palms, backs of hands, areas 4x (I-XIII) | 30 (16) | 50 (26) | 47 (25) | 63 (33) |
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Gniadek, A.; Ogórek-Tęcza, B.; Inglot, A.; Nowacka, A.; Micek, A. Hand Areas Which Are Commonly Missed during Hand Disinfection by Nursing Students Who Completed a Basic Educational Course in Hand Hygiene. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052590
Gniadek A, Ogórek-Tęcza B, Inglot A, Nowacka A, Micek A. Hand Areas Which Are Commonly Missed during Hand Disinfection by Nursing Students Who Completed a Basic Educational Course in Hand Hygiene. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052590
Chicago/Turabian StyleGniadek, Agnieszka, Beata Ogórek-Tęcza, Anna Inglot, Anna Nowacka, and Agnieszka Micek. 2021. "Hand Areas Which Are Commonly Missed during Hand Disinfection by Nursing Students Who Completed a Basic Educational Course in Hand Hygiene" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052590