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Keywords = wooden figurines

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20 pages, 8603 KiB  
Article
First Identification of a Gypsum-Based Preparatory Layer on Polychrome Wooden Figurines from the Mawangdui Han Tomb No. 1 (2nd Century BCE), Changsha, China
by Ningning Xu, Tingyan Ren, Pan Xiao and Qi Liu
Coatings 2025, 15(4), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15040492 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 587
Abstract
This study presents the first scientific characterization of the white preparatory layer and polychrome pigments on painted wooden figurines excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, dating to the Han dynasty. A combination of analytical techniques, including XRF mapping, SEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, and [...] Read more.
This study presents the first scientific characterization of the white preparatory layer and polychrome pigments on painted wooden figurines excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, dating to the Han dynasty. A combination of analytical techniques, including XRF mapping, SEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, was used to investigate the composition, structure, and potential additives in the white layer. The results reveal that the preparatory layer is primarily composed of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and calcite (CaCO3), with minor phases such as anhydrite and larnite. SEM observations show a porous microstructure of needle-like crystals, while spectroscopic data suggest possible traces of organic binders. The preparatory layer was likely applied to smooth surface irregularities and support polychrome decoration, such as cinnabar and carbon-based pigments, and may have also functioned as a putty in localized areas. This represents the first confirmed use of gypsum-based plaster in ancient Chinese woodcarving, showing unexpected parallels with surface preparation techniques used in New Kingdom Egypt. However, the presence of organic additives and the internal structure of the figurines remain unresolved due to equipment limitations. These findings provide new insights into ancient material practices and highlight the importance of environmental control and material-specific conservation strategies for fragile gypsum-based heritage objects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage)
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21 pages, 5838 KiB  
Article
Deer or Horses with Antlers? Wooden Figures Adorning Herders in the Altai
by Karen S. Rubinson and Katheryn M. Linduff
Arts 2023, 12(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts12010029 - 6 Feb 2023
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Abstract
Among the burials of horse herders who lived in the 4th–3rd centuries BCE Altai Mountains of South Siberia were some that contained small wooden figures of four-legged hoofed animals that represent horses, deer, or hybrid creatures. They decorated headgear buried with select commoners [...] Read more.
Among the burials of horse herders who lived in the 4th–3rd centuries BCE Altai Mountains of South Siberia were some that contained small wooden figures of four-legged hoofed animals that represent horses, deer, or hybrid creatures. They decorated headgear buried with select commoners of the Pazyryk Culture. Although the people, material possessions, and horses of the elites were frequently ornamented with imagery often associated with the so-called Scytho-Siberian animal style, these figurines are generally more realistic and less stylized representations of natural creatures, either cervids or horses. There is, however, ambiguity in these representations; in some cases, figures that are horses have inset recesses on the tops of their heads, in addition to holes for ear inserts. This recalls the elaborate headdresses on some horses outfitted with large displays of antlers or horns made of wood, leather, and felt buried with the Pazyryk leaders. The implication of this ambiguity is explored here. Horses were “cultural capital and tokens of clout” (see Andreeva Introduction, this volume) in the Pazyryk Culture, as well as the base of the economy. Deer were foundational to older belief systems in Siberia. The commingling of horse, mountain goat/ibex, and deer features in Pazyryk Culture imagery has inspired this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Zoomorphic Arts of Ancient Central Eurasia)
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