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Urban health, well-being, and equity—core objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 10, and 11)—have become key themes in contemporary urban planning research and landscape research. While existing studies focus predominantly on quantitative assessment, environmental exposure, and human mobility, the historical origins of health-oriented urban green space planning remain insufficiently explored. Focusing on Lingnan area as a representative case, this research investigates the emergence of public green space in late Qing cities and its early contributions to urban health and spatial governance. Through a systematic examination of American and British Gardens at the Thirteen Factories in Guangzhou, the planned public green space system of the Shameen concession, and the municipal greening practices of neighboring Hong Kong and Macao, the study further analyzes Zhang Zhidong’s tree-lined boulevard project along Changdi avenue as a key instance of localized institutional adaptation. Drawing on late-Qing and Republican newspapers, nineteenth-century Western travelogs and reports, historical and contemporary studies and photo albums, the study finds the following: (1) the American and British Gardens marked the earliest emergence of health-oriented urban green space in Lingnan area; (2) the systematically planned green space network of the Shameen concession constituted a prototypical form of health-oriented urban green space planning; (3) the botanical gardens, street-tree systems, public parks, and institutionalized management practices in Hong Kong and Macao exerted a strong regional demonstrative influence on Guangzhou; (4) the street-tree planting along Changdi Avenue represented a localized absorption of foreign planning paradigms and marked the institutionalization of municipal greening in Guangzhou. Although these early practices did not yet form a modern healthy city planning framework at that time, they played a crucial role in improving urban sanitation, enhancing public space quality, and shaping urban order. By tracing the historical trajectory from transnational demonstration to local adaptation and institutional consolihdation, this study provides new insights into the historical foundations of health-oriented urban planning in China and contributes a long-term perspective to contemporary debates on healthy cities and nature-based urban interventions. Full article

As a new window for opening up in the new era, whether the China Free Trade Pilot Zones (PFTZs) can effectively balance urban economic development and environmental sustainability remains a topic that warrants further exploration. This study employs the PFTZ policy as a quasi-natural experiment and constructs a difference-in-differences model to empirically investigate the impact and mechanism of the PFTZ policy on haze pollution using city-level data from 2005 to 2020 in China. The study finds that: (1) the PFTZ policy significantly reduces haze pollution, and the results remain robust using the historical opening of treaty ports as an instrumental variable; (2) the PFTZ policy reduces haze pollution through the learning effect, demonstration effect, and agglomeration effect; and (3) the haze reduction effect of PFTZs is particularly pronounced inland and in areas with high public environmental awareness. The results directly address the key question of whether the PFTZ policy can foster sustainable economic development. It provides empirical evidence on how the PFTZ policy balances environmental sustainability and economic growth and draws policy recommendations for formulating more sustainable development strategies. Full article