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Keywords = theronts

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11 pages, 2119 KiB  
Article
In-Situ Investigation of Copepod Predators of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Theronts from Fish-Farming Pond
by Lijun Wang, Bingwen Xi, Kai Chen, Jun Xie and Liangkun Pan
Microorganisms 2025, 13(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010038 - 27 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a parasitic ciliate, causes “white spot disease” in freshwater fish and poses a significant threat to global freshwater aquaculture. Eliminating the free-swimming theront stage from the aquaculture environment is a critical measure for controlling I. multifiliis infections. The natural predator [...] Read more.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a parasitic ciliate, causes “white spot disease” in freshwater fish and poses a significant threat to global freshwater aquaculture. Eliminating the free-swimming theront stage from the aquaculture environment is a critical measure for controlling I. multifiliis infections. The natural predator of I. multifiliis theronts in fish-farming ponds were identified using fluorescent dye-labelled live theronts and quantitative PCR; meanwhile, the zooplankton community composition in the positive ponds of I. multifiliis detected by quantitative PCR were analyzed by eDNA metabarcoding assay. The results revealed predation on theronts by cyclopoid copepods, including Cyclops vicinus, Thermocyclops taihokuensis, Cyclops sp., Thermocyclops sp., Eucyclops sp., and Mesocyclops sp. from the in-situ predation aquatic ecosystem, and among these copepods, C. vicinus was identified as a natural dominant predator of I. multifiliis. This study provides a scientific basis for further exploration and utilization of natural predators to enhance sustainable and environmentally friendly control strategies against I. multifiliis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiomes)
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10 pages, 4859 KiB  
Article
Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease
by Ze-Yi Cao, Bing-Wen Xi, Qing-Jie Zhou, Kai Chen and Jun Xie
Pathogens 2023, 12(7), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070860 - 22 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3436
Abstract
White spot disease, caused by the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is a significant threat to the freshwater fish farming industry worldwide, resulting in massive mortality and economic losses. Eliminating the free-swimming theronts from the culture environment is considered crucial for the control [...] Read more.
White spot disease, caused by the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is a significant threat to the freshwater fish farming industry worldwide, resulting in massive mortality and economic losses. Eliminating the free-swimming theronts from the culture environment is considered crucial for the control of I. multifiliis infection. It is well-documented that planktonic ciliates are valuable food resources for macro-zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we developed a fluorescence labeling method for alive theronts and found that cyclopoid copepods Thermocyclops taihokuensis, Mesocyclops spp., Macrocyclops sp., and Paracyclopina sp. present predation on the theronts in co-culture experiments. Laboratory challenge tests further confirmed that the presence of zooplankton in the culture water body significantly reduced the infection of I. multifiliis in goldfish (p < 0.01). Results from this study revealed that cyclopoid copepods have the potential to be used as biological control agents against white spot disease in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Parasitic Pathogens)
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8 pages, 1286 KiB  
Brief Report
In Vitro Assessment of Berberine against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in Goldfish
by Ke Huang, Guangran Hu, Runqiu Wang, Qingwen Zeng, Wenxiang Li, Hong Zou, Shangong Wu, Guitang Wang and Ming Li
Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101207 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3278
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a pathogenic ciliate parasite, which infects almost all freshwater teleost fish and leads to significant economic losses. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of berberine to the free-living stages of I. multifiliis, that is, theronts and [...] Read more.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a pathogenic ciliate parasite, which infects almost all freshwater teleost fish and leads to significant economic losses. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of berberine to the free-living stages of I. multifiliis, that is, theronts and tomonts. Our results indicated that 99.30% of I. multifiliis theronts were killed by a concentration of 15 mg/L berberine during the 4 h exposure time, while berberine had no effect on protomonts. Nevertheless, berberine at a concentration of 5 mg/L could effectively reduce the release of theronts from tomonts treated for 4 h. Additionally, according to the transmission electron microscopy results, berberine at 15 mg/L could strongly change the shape of protomonts, destroy their organelles, and significantly decrease the number of ribosomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of berberine for goldfish at 96 h was 528.44 mg/L, which was almost 67 times the median effective concentration (EC50) of berberine for killing theronts (7.86 mg/L). The results demonstrated that berberine could be an effective and safe potential parasiticide for killing I. multifiliis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Harnessing the Aquaculture: More We Know, More Questions We Rise)
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15 pages, 6583 KiB  
Article
Infection of Slugs with Theronts of the Ciliate Protozoan, Tetrahymena rostrata
by Ruth E. Haites, Anne E. Watt, Derek A. Russell and Helen Billman-Jacobe
Microorganisms 2021, 9(9), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091970 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2929
Abstract
Tetrahymena rostrata is a free-living ciliated protozoan and is a facultative parasite of some species of terrestrial mollusks. It is a potential biopesticide of pest slugs, such as the grey field slug, which cause considerable damage to crops. T. rostrata has several developmental [...] Read more.
Tetrahymena rostrata is a free-living ciliated protozoan and is a facultative parasite of some species of terrestrial mollusks. It is a potential biopesticide of pest slugs, such as the grey field slug, which cause considerable damage to crops. T. rostrata has several developmental forms. Homogeneous preparations of the feeding stage cells (trophonts) and excysted stage cells (theronts) were compared for their ability to infect and kill Deroceras reticulatum slugs. Theronts were more effective and remained viable and infective, even after prolonged starvation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitic Protists: Diversity of Adaptations to a Parasitic Lifestyle)
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