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Search Results (4)

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Keywords = swnR gene

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20 pages, 11062 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the swnR Gene on Swainsonine Biosynthesis in Alternaria oxytropis OW7.8, an Endophytic Fungus of Oxytropis glabra
by Ning Ding, Chang Liu, Ping Lu, Lu Bai and Bo Yuan
Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061326 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 439
Abstract
The swnR gene was cloned in the endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 isolated from Oxytropis glabra, and the gene knockout mutant ΔswnR was first constructed in this study. Compared with A. oxytropis OW 7.8, the ΔswnR exhibited distinct morphological [...] Read more.
The swnR gene was cloned in the endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 isolated from Oxytropis glabra, and the gene knockout mutant ΔswnR was first constructed in this study. Compared with A. oxytropis OW 7.8, the ΔswnR exhibited distinct morphological alterations in both colony and mycelial structure, a slower growth rate, and significant reductions in swainsonine (SW) levels, indicating that the function of the swnR gene promoted SW biosynthesis. Six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by transcriptomic analysis of A. oxytropis OW 7.8 and ΔswnR, with P5CR, swnR, swnK, swnH2, and swnH1 downregulating, and sac upregulating. The expression levels of the six genes were consistent with the transcriptomic analysis results. Five differential metabolites (DEMs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by metabolomic analysis, with L-Lys, L-Glutamic acid, Saccharopine, and L-Proline upregulating, and L-PA downregulating. The results lay the foundation for the in-depth elucidation of molecular mechanisms and SW synthesis pathways in fungi, and are also of importance for the prevention of locoism in livestock, the control and utilization of locoweeds, and the protection and sustainable development of grassland ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Fungal Interactions in Biocontrol of Plant Diseases)
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17 pages, 5594 KiB  
Article
The Effects of swnH1 Gene Function of Endophytic Fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 on Its Swainsonine Biosynthesis
by Dan Li, Xinlei Zhao, Ping Lu and Yu Min
Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102081 - 17 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1104
Abstract
The swnH1 gene in the endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 isolated from Oxytropis glabra was identified, and the gene knockout mutant ΔswnH1 was first constructed in this study. Compared with A. oxytropis OW 7.8, the ΔswnH1 mutant exhibited altered colony [...] Read more.
The swnH1 gene in the endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 isolated from Oxytropis glabra was identified, and the gene knockout mutant ΔswnH1 was first constructed in this study. Compared with A. oxytropis OW 7.8, the ΔswnH1 mutant exhibited altered colony and mycelium morphology, slower growth rate, and no swainsonine (SW) in mycelia, indicating that the function of the swnH1 gene promoted SW biosynthesis. Five differential expressed genes (DEGs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by transcriptomic analysis of A. oxytropis OW 7.8 and ΔswnH1, with sac, swnR, swnK, swnN, and swnH2 down-regulating. Six differential metabolites (DEMs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by metabolomic analysis, with P450, PKS-NRPS, saccharopine, lipopolysaccharide kinase, L-PA, α-aminoadipic, and L-stachydrine down-regulated, while L-proline was up-regulated. The SW biosynthetic pathways in A. oxytropis OW 7.8 were predicted and refined. The results lay the foundation for in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of SW synthesis in fungi and provide reference for future control of SW in locoweeds, which would benefit the development of animal husbandry and the sustainable use of grassland ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology and Immunology)
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19 pages, 8437 KiB  
Article
The Effects of swnN Gene Function of Endophytic Fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 on Its Swainsonine Biosynthesis
by Chang Liu, Ning Ding, Ping Lu, Bo Yuan, Yuling Li and Kai Jiang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910310 - 25 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1039
Abstract
The swnN gene in the endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 isolated from Oxytropis glabra was identified, and the gene knockout mutant ΔswnN was first constructed in this study. Compared with A. oxytropis OW 7.8, the ΔswnN mutant exhibited altered colony [...] Read more.
The swnN gene in the endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW 7.8 isolated from Oxytropis glabra was identified, and the gene knockout mutant ΔswnN was first constructed in this study. Compared with A. oxytropis OW 7.8, the ΔswnN mutant exhibited altered colony and mycelia morphology, slower growth rate, and no swainsonine (SW) in mycelia. SW was detected in the gene function complementation strain ΔswnN/swnN, indicating that the function of the swnN gene promoted SW biosynthesis. Six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by transcriptomic analysis of A. oxytropis OW 7.8 and ΔswnN, with P5CR, swnR, swnK, swnH2, and swnH1 down-regulating, and sac up-regulating. The expression levels of the six genes were consistent with the transcriptomic analysis results. Five differential metabolites (DEMs) closely associated with SW synthesis were identified by metabolomic analysis, with L-glutamate, α-ketoglutaric acid, and L-proline up-regulating, and phosphatidic acid (PA) and 2-aminoadipic acid down-regulating. The SW biosynthetic pathways in A. oxytropis OW 7.8 were predicted and refined. The results lay the foundation for in-depth elucidation of molecular mechanisms and the SW synthesis pathway in fungi. They are also of importance for the prevention of locoism in livestock, the control and utilization of locoweeds, and the protection and sustainable development of grassland ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
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13 pages, 1133 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Mycotoxin Levels and Expression Pattern of SWN Genes at Different Time Points in the Fungus Slafractonia leguminicola
by Sumanjari Das, Dale R. Gardner, Daniel Cook and Rebecca Creamer
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040670 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1777
Abstract
The fungal plant pathogen Slafractonia leguminicola produces two mycotoxins that affect animals: slaframine, which causes slobbers, and swainsonine, which causes locoism. Slafractonia leguminicola contains the swainsonine-associated orthologous gene clusters, “SWN”, which include a multifunctional swnK gene (NRPS-PKS hybrid), swnH1 and swnH2 (nonheme iron [...] Read more.
The fungal plant pathogen Slafractonia leguminicola produces two mycotoxins that affect animals: slaframine, which causes slobbers, and swainsonine, which causes locoism. Slafractonia leguminicola contains the swainsonine-associated orthologous gene clusters, “SWN”, which include a multifunctional swnK gene (NRPS-PKS hybrid), swnH1 and swnH2 (nonheme iron dioxygenase genes), swnN and swnR (reductase genes), and swnT (transmembrane transporter). In addition to these genes, two paralogs of swnK, swnK1 (paralog1) and swnk2 (paralog2), are found in S. leguminicola. cDNAs from total mRNA were isolated from the S. leguminicola mycelia grown in the culture plates as well as from leaves inoculated with the fungal mycelia at different time points, and expression pattern of the SWN genes were analyzed using RT-qPCR. The concentrations of swainsonine and slaframine production from this fungus at different time points were also examined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The timing of gene expression was similar in cultured fungus and inoculated leaves and agreed with our proposed biosynthetic pathway. Substantially more swainsonine was produced than slaframine during time course studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Biology and Interactions, 2nd Edition)
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