Five new β-resorcylic acid derivatives, 14-hydroxyasperentin B (
1), β-resoantarctines A-C (
3,
5,
6) and 8-dehydro-β-resoantarctine A (
4), together with known 14-hydroxyasperentin (5′-hydroxyasperentin) (
2), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus
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Five new β-resorcylic acid derivatives, 14-hydroxyasperentin B (
1), β-resoantarctines A-C (
3,
5,
6) and 8-dehydro-β-resoantarctine A (
4), together with known 14-hydroxyasperentin (5′-hydroxyasperentin) (
2), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus
Penicillium antarcticum KMM 4685 associated with the brown alga
Sargassum miyabei. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and modified Mosher’s method, and the biogenetic pathways for compounds
3–
6 were proposed. For the very first time, the relative configuration of the C-14 center of a known compound
2 was assigned via analyses of magnitudes of the vicinal coupling constants. The new metabolites
3–
6 were biogenically related to resorcylic acid lactones (RALs); however, they did not possess lactonized macrolide elements in their structures. Compounds
3,
4 and
5 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity in LNCaP, DU145 and 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells. Moreover, these metabolites could inhibit the activity of p-glycoprotein at their noncytotoxic concentrations and consequently synergize with docetaxel in p-glycoprotein-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells.
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