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Keywords = rubber fruit shell

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13 pages, 3334 KiB  
Article
The Production of Carbon Nanofiber on Rubber Fruit Shell-Derived Activated Carbon by Chemical Activation and Hydrothermal Process with Low Temperature
by Suhdi Suhdi and Sheng-Chang Wang
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11082038 - 10 Aug 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3664
Abstract
Recently, the conversion of biomass into carbon nanofibers has been extensively studied. In this study, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared from rubber fruit shell (RFS) by chemical activation with H3PO4, followed by a simple hydrothermal process at low temperature [...] Read more.
Recently, the conversion of biomass into carbon nanofibers has been extensively studied. In this study, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared from rubber fruit shell (RFS) by chemical activation with H3PO4, followed by a simple hydrothermal process at low temperature and without a vacuum and gas catalyst. XRD and Raman studies show that the structure formed is an amorphous graphite formation. From the thermal analysis, it is shown that CNFs have a high thermal stability. Furthermore, an SEM/TEM analysis showed that CNFs’ morphology varied in size and thickness. The obtained results reveal that by converting RFS into an amorphous carbon through chemical activation and hydrothermal processes, RFS is considered a potential biomass source material to produce carbon nanofibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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12 pages, 2939 KiB  
Article
Fine Activated Carbon from Rubber Fruit Shell Prepared by Using ZnCl2 and KOH Activation
by Suhdi and Sheng-Chang Wang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3994; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093994 - 28 Apr 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4996
Abstract
Fine activated carbon (FAC) is prepared from rubber fruit shells (RFS) using two chemical activating agents (ZnCl2 and KOH) and three impregnation ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results show that for a constant impregnation ratio, the ZnCl2 activating [...] Read more.
Fine activated carbon (FAC) is prepared from rubber fruit shells (RFS) using two chemical activating agents (ZnCl2 and KOH) and three impregnation ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results show that for a constant impregnation ratio, the ZnCl2 activating agent yields a higher specific surface area than the KOH agent. In particular, for the maximum impregnation ratio of 1:5, the FAC prepared using ZnCl2 has a BET surface area of 456 m2/g, a nitrogen absorption capacity of 150.38 cm3/g, and an average pore size of 3.44 nm. Moreover, the FAC structure consists of 70.1% mesopores and has a carbon content of 80.05 at.%. Overall, the results confirm that RFS, activated using an appropriate quantity of ZnCl2, provides a cheap, abundant, and highly promising precursor material for the preparation of activated carbon with high carbon content and good adsorption properties Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composts and Organic Wastes: Analytical Methods and Applications)
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17 pages, 1560 KiB  
Article
Biofuel, Bioenergy and Feed Valorization of By-Products and Residues from Hevea brasiliensis Cultivation to Enhance Sustainability
by Andrea Pizzi, Daniele Duca, Giorgio Rossini, Sara Fabrizi and Giuseppe Toscano
Resources 2020, 9(9), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9090114 - 17 Sep 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5107
Abstract
In the latex production chain, rubber tree seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) represent an underutilized fraction with high potentialities, which can increase the sustainability of the whole process if rightly valorized. In the present study, the quality of all the fractions obtained from [...] Read more.
In the latex production chain, rubber tree seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) represent an underutilized fraction with high potentialities, which can increase the sustainability of the whole process if rightly valorized. In the present study, the quality of all the fractions obtained from the rubber fruit were evaluated, with the aim to identify possible applications for their valorization with a circular economy perspective. Seeds from five different varieties of rubber tree were analyzed. Furthermore, a whole mass and energy balance was defined, which has allowed us to define hypothetical production scenarios. The obtained results show negligible differences among varieties. Shells and capsules have shown a composition similar to woody biomass, with high heating values (more than 16.5 MJ kg−1), low nitrogen content (below 0.5% on weight basis (w/w)) and reduced ash content (0.51% w/w and 1.90% w/w, respectively). Kernels were chemically extracted comparing two different solvents: n-hexane and ethanol. Both solvents showed similar extraction yields, i.e., 49% w/w and 46% w/w for n-hexane and ethanol, respectively. The resulting extraction flour was characterized by a high protein content (around 40% w/w) making it suitable for animal feeding. The rubber seed oil could be used in blends of different vegetable oils for biodiesel production. All this information is useful for improving the sustainability of the latex production chain and to assess the sustainability of possible bioenergy value chains. Full article
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