Search Results (2)

The atmospheric advection of water vapor is one of the most important components of the planetary hydrological cycle. Radiosondes are a means for regular observations of water vapor fluxes. However, their data are sparse in space and time. A more complete picture is provided by reanalysis assimilating these data. However, a statistically representative check of the reanalysis estimates of the water vapor fluxes far from regularly operating weather stations is difficult. The previously proposed and developed method of satellite radiothermovision makes it possible to reconstruct the vertically integrated advective water vapor fluxes from satellite microwave radiometry. In this work, for the first time, the results of direct comparisons of long (5 year) time series of zonal vertically integrated daily water vapor fluxes based on the data of radiosondes, reanalysis, and satellite radiothermovision are performed and presented. It is shown that all the data series are statistically reliably correlated (at a confidence level of 0.995). The regression factor between the fluxes from reanalysis and satellite radiothermovision was close to 1, but with a noticeable bias (the latter were about 60 kg/(m·s) less on average). Grounds are given for the hypothesis that calculations based on satellite radiothermovision mainly characterize water vapor fluxes in the lower troposphere (up to heights of about 4 km). Its verification, as well as the analysis of the noted cases of violation of the correlation between the fluxes from satellite radiothermovision and reanalysis, requires further research. Full article

The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) has been considered a preattentive index of auditory processing and/or a signature of prediction error computation. This study tries to demonstrate the presence of an MMN to deviant trials included in complex auditory stimuli sequences, and its possible relationship to predictive coding. Additionally, the transfer of information between trials is expected to be represented by stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), which would possibly fit the predictive coding framework. To accomplish these objectives, the EEG of 31 subjects was recorded during an auditory paradigm in which trials composed of stimulus sequences with increasing or decreasing frequencies were intermingled with deviant trials presenting an unexpected ending. Our results showed the presence of an MMN in response to deviant trials. An SPN appeared during the intertrial interval and its amplitude was reduced in response to deviant trials. The presence of an MMN in complex sequences of sounds and the generation of an SPN component, with different amplitudes in deviant and standard trials, would support the predictive coding framework. Full article