Search Results (3)

We propose a novel deep learning framework for counterfactual inference on the COMPAS dataset, utilizing a multi-task CNN-LSTM architecture. The model jointly predicts multiple outcome types: (i) count outcomes with zero inflation, modeled using zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB), and negative binomial (NB) distributions; (ii) time-to-event outcomes, modeled via the Cox proportional hazards model. To effectively leverage the structure in high-dimensional tabular data, we integrate functional data analysis (FDA) techniques by transforming covariates into smooth functional representations using B-spline basis expansions. Specifically, we construct a pseudo-temporal index over predictor variables and fit basis expansions to each subject’s feature vector, yielding a low-dimensional set of coefficients that preserve smooth variation while reducing noise. This functional representation enables the CNN-LSTM model to capture both local and global temporal patterns in the data, including treatment-covariate interactions. Our approach estimates both population-average and individual-level treatment effects (ATE and CATE) for each outcome and evaluates predictive performance using metrics such as Poisson deviance, root mean squared error (RMSE), and the concordance index (C-index). Statistical inference on treatment effects is supported via bootstrap-based confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. Overall, this comprehensive framework facilitates flexible modeling of heterogeneous treatment effects in structured, high-dimensional data, advancing causal inference methodologies in criminal justice and related domains. Full article

In finite populations, pseudo-population bootstrap is the sole method preserving the spirit of the original bootstrap performed from iid observations. In spatial sampling, theoretical results about the convergence of bootstrap distributions to the actual distributions of estimators are lacking, owing to the failure of spatially balanced sampling designs to converge to the maximum entropy design. In addition, the issue of creating pseudo-populations able to mimic the characteristics of real populations is challenging in spatial frameworks where spatial trends, relationships, and similarities among neighbouring locations are invariably present. In this paper, we propose the use of the nearest-neighbour interpolation of spatial populations for constructing pseudo-populations that converge to real populations under mild conditions. The effectiveness of these proposals with respect to traditional pseudo-populations is empirically checked by a simulation study. Full article

In the present paper, resampling for finite populations under an iid sampling design is reviewed. Our attention is mainly focused on pseudo-population-based resampling due to its properties. A principled appraisal of the main theoretical foundations and results is given and discussed, together with important computational aspects. Finally, a discussion on open problems and research perspectives is provided. Full article