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Keywords = pharmaceutical grade CS

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16 pages, 5474 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Food-Grade Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Chitosan-Phytic Acid-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles
by Jiaxin Lu, Xiaojing Li, Chao Qiu, David Julian McClements, Aiquan Jiao, Jinpeng Wang and Zhengyu Jin
Foods 2022, 11(3), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030450 - 3 Feb 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4103
Abstract
This study aimed to fabricate food-grade Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan-phytic acid-β-cyclodextrin (CS-PA-CD) nanoparticles. The CS-PA-CD nanoparticles were characterized with FITR, XRD, and TGA to prove its successfully crosslinking, then characterized by DLS system and scanning electron microscopy showing the smallest average particle [...] Read more.
This study aimed to fabricate food-grade Pickering emulsions stabilized by chitosan-phytic acid-β-cyclodextrin (CS-PA-CD) nanoparticles. The CS-PA-CD nanoparticles were characterized with FITR, XRD, and TGA to prove its successfully crosslinking, then characterized by DLS system and scanning electron microscopy showing the smallest average particle size was 434.2 ± 2.5 nm and it increased with the ratio of PA-CD to CS increasing. Pickering emulsions stabilized by CS-PA-CD nanoparticles was prepared and it showed the best stability at around pH 6. The particle concentration higher than 1.0% (w/v) and the oil fraction above 0.5% (v/v) could reach the emulsion stability. In addition, the Pickering emulsions were stable at various temperature (30–70 °C) and influenced by the certain change of ionic strength (0–500 mM). These CS-PA-CD Pickering emulsions showed great application in the formation of functional foods and pharmaceutical industries. Full article
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17 pages, 2461 KiB  
Article
Chondroitin Sulfate in USA Dietary Supplements in Comparison to Pharma Grade Products: Analytical Fingerprint and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Human Osteoartritic Chondrocytes and Synoviocytes
by Antonietta Stellavato, Odile Francesca Restaino, Valentina Vassallo, Elisabetta Cassese, Rosario Finamore, Carlo Ruosi and Chiara Schiraldi
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(5), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050737 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3713
Abstract
The biological activity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) food supplements (FS), sold in USA against osteoarthritis, might depend on the effective CS and GlcN contents and on the CS structural characteristics. In this paper three USA FS were compared to two [...] Read more.
The biological activity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) food supplements (FS), sold in USA against osteoarthritis, might depend on the effective CS and GlcN contents and on the CS structural characteristics. In this paper three USA FS were compared to two pharmaceutical products (Ph). Analyses performed by HPAE-PAD, by HPCE and by SEC-TDA revealed that the CS and GlcN titers were up to −68.8% lower than the contents declared on the labels and that CS of mixed animal origin and variable molecular weights was present together with undesired keratan sulfate. Simulated gastric and intestinal digestions were performed in vitro to evaluate the real CS amount that may reach the gut as biopolymer. Chondrocytes and synoviocytes primary cells derived from human pathological joints were used to assess: cell viability, modulation of the NF-κB, quantification of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP-2), hyaluronate synthase enzyme (HAS-1), pentraxin (PTX-3) and the secreted IL-6 and IL-8 to assess inflammation. Of the three FS tested only one (US FS1) enhanced chondrocytes viability, while all of them supported synoviocytes growth. Although US FS1 proved to be less effective than Ph as it reduced NF-kB, it could not down-regulate COMP-2; HAS-1 was up-regulated but with a lower efficacy. Inflammatory cytokines were markedly reduced by Ph while a slight decrease was only found for US-FS1. Full article
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13 pages, 3756 KiB  
Review
Chondroitin Sulfate Safety and Quality
by Nicola Volpi
Molecules 2019, 24(8), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081447 - 12 Apr 2019
Cited by 110 | Viewed by 12221
Abstract
The industrial production of chondroitin sulfate (CS) uses animal tissue sources as raw material derived from different terrestrial or marine species of animals. CS possesses a heterogeneous structure and physical-chemical profile in different species and tissues, responsible for the various and more specialized [...] Read more.
The industrial production of chondroitin sulfate (CS) uses animal tissue sources as raw material derived from different terrestrial or marine species of animals. CS possesses a heterogeneous structure and physical-chemical profile in different species and tissues, responsible for the various and more specialized functions of these macromolecules. Moreover, mixes of different animal tissues and sources are possible, producing a CS final product having varied characteristics and not well identified profile, influencing oral absorption and activity. Finally, different extraction and purification processes may introduce further modifications of the CS structural characteristics and properties and may lead to extracts having a variable grade of purity, limited biological effects, presence of contaminants causing problems of safety and reproducibility along with not surely identified origin. These aspects pose a serious problem for the final consumers of the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products mainly related to the traceability of CS and to the declaration of the real origin of the active ingredient and its content. In this review, specific, sensitive and validated analytical quality controls such as electrophoresis, eHPLC (enzymatic HPLC) and HPSEC (high-performance size-exclusion chromatography) able to assure CS quality and origin are illustrated and discussed. Full article
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