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The current study reports the preparation of thermally conductive polymeric nanocomposites. For this purpose, two epoxy-based nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing a different type of functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanofiller in each series. Both these GO nanofillers were functionalized by covalently bonding oligoimide chains on their surfaces. In one series, these oligoimide chains were prepared by reaction of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) with a diamine 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA). While in the other case, BTDA was reacted with N,N′-[((propane-2,2-diylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(4,1-phenylene)]bis(4-aminobenzamide) (BDM) to mount oligoimide chains on the surface of GO. Both types of oligoimide chains have amino groups as chain-end functional groups. These modified GO nanofillers were added to the epoxy matrices separately to prepare their respective nanocomposites (MDA-B-GO-epoxy nanocomposites and BDM-B-GO-epoxy nanocomposites). The chain-end amino groups of oligoimide chains reacted with the epoxy ring developing a covalent bonding between oligoimide chains of GO and the epoxy matrix. Moreover, these oligoimide chains prevented the agglomeration of GO by acting as spacer groups leading to the uniform dispersion of GO in the epoxy matrix. Various analytical techniques were used to examine the attachment of oligoimide chains to the GO surface, and to examine the morphology, curing potential, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity of the prepared nanocomposites. We demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of MDA-B-GO-epoxy nanocomposites increased by 52% and an increase of 56% was observed in BDM-B-GO-epoxy nanocomposites. Similarly, a significant improvement was observed in the mechanical strength and thermal stability of both types of nanocomposites. Full article