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Search Results (3)

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Keywords = non-H. pylori commensals

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18 pages, 693 KB  
Review
Gastric Microbiota beyond H. pylori: An Emerging Critical Character in Gastric Carcinogenesis
by Jun Wen, Harry Cheuk-Hay Lau, Maikel Peppelenbosch and Jun Yu
Biomedicines 2021, 9(11), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111680 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4604
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the global leading causes of cancer death. The association between Helicobacter pylori, which is a predominant risk factor for GC, with GC development has been well-studied. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the presence of a large [...] Read more.
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the global leading causes of cancer death. The association between Helicobacter pylori, which is a predominant risk factor for GC, with GC development has been well-studied. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the presence of a large population of microorganisms other than H. pylori in the human stomach. Existing sequencing studies have revealed microbial compositional and functional alterations in patients with GC and highlighted a progressive shift in the gastric microbiota in gastric carcinogenesis with marked enrichments of oral or intestinal commensals. Moreover, using a combination of gastric bacterial signatures, GC patients could be significantly distinguished from patients with gastritis. These findings, therefore, emphasize the importance of a collective microbial community in gastric carcinogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of non-H. pylori gastric microbes in gastric carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms of gastric microbes-related carcinogenesis and potential clinical applications of gastric microbiota as biomarkers of GC are also explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Dysbiosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapies)
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18 pages, 1695 KB  
Systematic Review
Role of Helicobacter pylori and Other Environmental Factors in the Development of Gastric Dysbiosis
by Uriel Gomez-Ramirez, Pedro Valencia-Mayoral, Sandra Mendoza-Elizalde, Juan Rafael Murillo-Eliosa, Fortino Solórzano Santos, Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez, Gerardo Zúñiga, Pamela Aguilar-Rodea, Verónica Leticia Jiménez-Rojas, Juan Carlos Vigueras Galindo, Marcela Salazar-García and Norma Velázquez-Guadarrama
Pathogens 2021, 10(9), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091203 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4936
Abstract
Microbiomes are defined as complex microbial communities, which are mainly composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses residing in diverse regions of the human body. The human stomach consists of a unique and heterogeneous habitat of microbial communities owing to its anatomical and functional [...] Read more.
Microbiomes are defined as complex microbial communities, which are mainly composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses residing in diverse regions of the human body. The human stomach consists of a unique and heterogeneous habitat of microbial communities owing to its anatomical and functional characteristics, that allow the optimal growth of characteristic bacteria in this environment. Gastric dysbiosis, which is defined as compositional and functional alterations of the gastric microbiota, can be induced by multiple environmental factors, such as age, diet, multiple antibiotic therapies, proton pump inhibitor abuse, H. pylori status, among others. Although H. pylori colonization has been reported across the world, chronic H. pylori infection may lead to serious consequences; therefore, the infection must be treated. Multiple antibiotic therapy improvements are not always successful because of the lack of adherence to the prescribed antibiotic treatment. However, the abuse of eradication treatments can generate gastric dysbiotic states. Dysbiosis of the gastric microenvironment induces microbial resilience, due to the loss of relevant commensal bacteria and simultaneous colonization by other pathobiont bacteria, which can generate metabolic and physiological changes or even initiate and develop other gastric disorders by non-H. pylori bacteria. This systematic review opens a discussion on the effects of multiple environmental factors on gastric microbial communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Helicobacter pylori Resistance: New Natural Candidates for Therapeutical Approach)
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14 pages, 366 KB  
Review
Gastric Microenvironment—A Partnership between Innate Immunity and Gastric Microbiota Tricks Helicobacter pylori
by Cristina Oana Mărginean, Lorena Elena Meliț and Maria Oana Săsăran
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(15), 3258; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153258 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2769
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) carcinogenicity depends on three major factors: bacterial virulence constituents, environmental factors and host’s genetic susceptibility. The relationship between microenvironmental factors and H. pylori virulence factors are incontestable. H. pylori infection has a major impact on both gastric [...] Read more.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) carcinogenicity depends on three major factors: bacterial virulence constituents, environmental factors and host’s genetic susceptibility. The relationship between microenvironmental factors and H. pylori virulence factors are incontestable. H. pylori infection has a major impact on both gastric and colonic microbiota. The presence of non-H. pylori bacteria within the gastric ecosystem is particularly important since they might persistently act as an antigenic stimulus or establish a partnership with H. pylori in order to augment the subsequent inflammatory responses. The gastric ecosystem, i.e., microbiota composition in children with H. pylori infection is dominated by Streptoccocus, Neisseria, Rothia and Staphylococcus. The impairment of this ecosystem enhances growth and invasion of different pathogenic bacteria, further impairing the balance between the immune system and mucosal barrier. Moreover, altered microbiota due to H. pylori infection is involved in increasing the gastric T regulatory cells response in children. Since gastric homeostasis is defined by the partnership between commensal bacteria and host’s immune system, this review is focused on how pathogen recognition through toll-like receptors (TLRs—an essential class of pathogen recognition receptors—PRRs) on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells impact the immune response in the setting of H. pylori infection. Further studies are required for delineate precise role of bacterial community features and of immune system components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)
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