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This study investigates noise detection and damping-based noise mitigation strategies for cavity structures, with a specific focus on addressing noise issues in the conveyor trough of combine harvesters. Despite its practical significance, research on the noise generation mechanisms, transmission paths, and control measures for conveyor troughs remains limited, particularly under varying operational conditions. To bridge this gap, this work integrates experimental measurements with numerical simulations to systematically analyze and optimize the noise reduction performance of the conveyor trough. Noise measurements were conducted using the sound intensity method, revealing sound pressure levels in the range of 93–95 dB. Frequency spectrum analysis identified key noise sources and dominant frequency components. Finite element analysis (FEA) and vibration modal testing were performed to uncover critical noise-inducing factors, including chain meshing impacts and structural resonances. Based on these findings, a damping optimization strategy was proposed by incorporating constrained damping layers to attenuate vibration and reduce noise in targeted frequency bands. The effectiveness of this approach was validated through multiple coherence analysis, which confirmed significant suppression of structural vibration noise in the 0–500 Hz range, while experimental results showed that the optimized conveyor trough structure achieved a maximum reduction of 0.4071 dB in continuous equivalent A-weighted sound pressure under load conditions. This research provides a comprehensive methodology for noise control and structural optimization of conveyor trough systems, offering valuable theoretical and practical insights for enhancing the operational comfort and environmental performance of combine harvesters. Full article