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Keywords = lateral settling tank

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15 pages, 11607 KiB  
Article
Ground Surface Deformation Caused by Pipe Jacking Construction in a Soft Soil Area: An Experiment-Based Study
by Junfeng Tang, Junkai Xu, Dezhou Zhou, Dong Huang, Ke Zeng, Yuhang Li and Zhuo Chen
Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071628 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2979
Abstract
Soft soil has the characteristics of high compressibility, large void ratio, and strong structure. Therefore, it is more likely to cause surface subsidence or even surface cracking and collapse when laying oil and gas pipelines in soft soil areas through the pipe jacking [...] Read more.
Soft soil has the characteristics of high compressibility, large void ratio, and strong structure. Therefore, it is more likely to cause surface subsidence or even surface cracking and collapse when laying oil and gas pipelines in soft soil areas through the pipe jacking method. In this study, test soil was pressurized using a flexible loading bladder, and variable formation losses brought on by pipe jacking were mimicked by varying the loading bladder’s water injection level. The surface deformation brought on by pipe jacking construction is related to the four parameters of stratum loss rate, overburden load, soil disturbance, soil tension fissures, and horizontal deformation. The findings demonstrate that the surface deformation brought on by the excavation gradually reduces and starts to stabilize after the thickness of the overlying soil layer on the pipe jacking surpasses 1.5 times the diameter of the pipe jacking. The constructed settling tank is broader the deeper the jacking pipe is submerged. Further ground surface settling will be exacerbated by the weight above the jacking pipe. The maximum ground surface deformation value will decrease with an increase in the overlying load when the overlying load is high (0.018 MPa). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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12 pages, 2354 KiB  
Article
Effects of Phytoplankton Growth Phase on Settling Properties of Marine Aggregates
by Jennifer C. Prairie, Quinn W. Montgomery, Kyle W. Proctor and Kathryn S. Ghiorso
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(8), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080265 - 10 Aug 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4925
Abstract
Marine snow aggregates often dominate carbon export from the surface layer to the deep ocean. Therefore, understanding the formation and properties of aggregates is essential to the study of the biological pump. Previous studies have observed a relationship between phytoplankton growth phase and [...] Read more.
Marine snow aggregates often dominate carbon export from the surface layer to the deep ocean. Therefore, understanding the formation and properties of aggregates is essential to the study of the biological pump. Previous studies have observed a relationship between phytoplankton growth phase and the production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), the sticky particles secreted by phytoplankton that act as the glue during aggregate formation. In this experimental study, we aim to determine the effect of phytoplankton growth phase on properties related to aggregate settling. Cultures of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii were grown to four different growth phases and incubated in rotating cylindrical tanks to form aggregates. Aggregate excess density and delayed settling time through a sharp density gradient were quantified for the aggregates that were formed, and relative TEP concentration was measured for cultures before aggregate formation. Compared to the first growth phase, later phytoplankton growth phases were found to have higher relative TEP concentration and aggregates with lower excess densities and longer delayed settling times. These findings may suggest that, although particle concentrations are higher at later stages of phytoplankton blooms, aggregates may be less dense and sink slower, thus affecting carbon export. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution and Metabolic Activities of Marine Microbes in Response to Natural and Anthropogenic Stressors)
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20 pages, 3819 KiB  
Article
Gain Scheduling of a Robust Setpoint Tracking Disturbance Rejection and Aggressiveness Controller for a Nonlinear Process
by Veeramani Bagyaveereswaran and Pachiyappan Arulmozhivarman
Processes 2019, 7(7), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7070415 - 2 Jul 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4415
Abstract
In this paper, a robust setpoint tracking disturbance rejection and aggressiveness (RTD-A) controller is designed and developed to control the liquid level of a conical tank process. Meta-heuristic algorithms like grey wolf optimization and the genetic algorithm are used to tune the parameters [...] Read more.
In this paper, a robust setpoint tracking disturbance rejection and aggressiveness (RTD-A) controller is designed and developed to control the liquid level of a conical tank process. Meta-heuristic algorithms like grey wolf optimization and the genetic algorithm are used to tune the parameters of the RTD-A controller. Its performance is later compared with that of the conventional standard proportional integral derivative controller. The gain scheduled RTD-A controller is designed and implemented on a nonlinear conical tank process. Also, various performances attributes such as the integral square error, integral absolute error, integral time absolute error, rise time, and settling time are calculated for the first-order process and conical tank process. The servo responses with RTD-A are also compared against the responses recorded from the conventional control schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synergies in Combined Development of Processes and Models)
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