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Keywords = immaturin-nuclease

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15 pages, 3246 KiB  
Article
Immaturin-Nuclease as a Model System for a Gene-Programmed Sexual Development and Rejuvenescence in Paramecium Life History
by Nobuyuki Haga, Toshinori Usui, Yasuhiro Takenaka, Yuta Chiba and Tomoaki Abe
Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010082 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2503
Abstract
Fertilization-initiated development and adult-onset aging are standard features in the life history of eukaryotes. In Paramecium, the number of cell divisions after the birth of a new generation is an essential parameter of sexual phase transition and aging. However, the gene driving [...] Read more.
Fertilization-initiated development and adult-onset aging are standard features in the life history of eukaryotes. In Paramecium, the number of cell divisions after the birth of a new generation is an essential parameter of sexual phase transition and aging. However, the gene driving this process and its evolutionary origin have not yet been elucidated. Here we report several critical outcomes obtained by molecular genetics, immunofluorescence microscopy, transformation by microinjection, and enzymological analysis. The cloned immaturin gene induces sexual rejuvenation in both mature and senescent cells by microinjection. The immaturin gene originated from proteobacteria’s glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene. However, immaturin has been shown to lose GST activity and instead acquire nuclease activity. In vitro substrates for immaturin-nuclease are single- and double-stranded DNA, linear and circular DNA, and single-stranded viral genome RNA such as coronavirus. Anti-immaturin antibodies have shown that the subcellular localizations of immaturin are the macronucleus, cytoplasm, cell surface area, and cilia. The phase transition of sexuality is related to a decrease in the intracellular abundance of immaturin. We propose that sexual maturation and rejuvenation is a process programmed by the immaturin gene, and the sexual function of each age is defined by both the abundance and the intracellular localization mode of the immaturin-nuclease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Paramecium as Modern Model System)
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