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Agricultural Heritage Systems (AHS) formed by the long-term synergistic evolution of the countryside and its environment carry significant ecological, cultural, and economic value. The protection and sustainable utilization of AHS has become a critical issue for promoting the sustainable development of heritage regions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for research on value realization from ecosystem products of agricultural heritage system (EPAHS). The study establishes a systematic research paradigm, which includes “specialization analysis–value realization pathways–evaluation methods.” A dual classification system based on “functional and consumption attributes” is introduced. Based on the principle of attribute alignment, three primary value realization pathways are proposed: market-driven, government-driven, and market–government collaboration. Additionally, a dual-dimensional evaluation index system is developed, including total value and structural evaluation indicators, to quantify the composite value and conversion effects of EPAHS. The findings emphasize that EPAHS, due to their cultural attributes and regional uniqueness, differ from general ecosystem products. They require tailored value realization pathways that integrate agricultural production, community benefits, and AHS preservation. This study provides both theoretical and practical support for the sustainable protection and utilization of AHS and offers valuable insights for rural revitalization and the development of ecological civilization. Full article