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Review
Current Staging Procedures in Urinary Bladder Cancer
by Tobias Maurer, Thomas Horn, Matthias Heck, Jürgen E. Gschwend, Matthias Eiber and Ambros J. Beer
Diagnostics 2013, 3(3), 315-324; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics3030315 - 25 Jun 2013
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 11064
Abstract
Currently computed tomography (CT) represents the most widely used standard imaging modality in muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer. Visualization of local tumor or depth of invasion as well as lymph node staging, however, is often impaired. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted sequences, determination [...] Read more.
Currently computed tomography (CT) represents the most widely used standard imaging modality in muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer. Visualization of local tumor or depth of invasion as well as lymph node staging, however, is often impaired. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted sequences, determination of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values or utilization of superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles potentially exhibits advantages in the assessment of local tumor or lymph node involvement and therefore might play a role in routine staging of urinary bladder cancer in the future. Likewise, positron emission tomography (PET) with the currently utilized tracers 18F-FDG, 11C-choline and 11C-acetate is investigated in bladder cancer patients—mostly in combination with diagnostic CT. Although promising results could be obtained for these PET/CT examinations in smaller series, their true value cannot be determined at present. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Molecular Diagnostics and Imaging)
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