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Keywords = WULA

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17 pages, 956 KiB  
Article
Identifying Key Risks to the Effectiveness of Water Use Authorization Systems through Theory of Change (ToC): The Case of South Africa
by Jurie Moolman, Reece Cronje Alberts, Claudine Roos and Francois Pieter Retief
Water 2022, 14(23), 3830; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233830 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3035
Abstract
South Africa is a water-stressed country with significant water management challenges. In response, progressive and advanced water management policy and legislation have been developed that include the regulation of water uses through a water use license application (WULA) system. In recent years, the [...] Read more.
South Africa is a water-stressed country with significant water management challenges. In response, progressive and advanced water management policy and legislation have been developed that include the regulation of water uses through a water use license application (WULA) system. In recent years, the effective functioning of the WULA system has come under increased scrutiny. However, a comprehensive systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of the WULA system has not yet been conducted. This paper aims to identify key risks to the effectiveness of the WULA system in South Africa through the application of a theory of change (ToC) methodology. Workshops with more than 60 participants were held with different stakeholder groups. Ultimately, a total of 21 key risks to the effectiveness of the WULA system were identified. The results suggest that various risks have already been realized and that the WULA system is not functioning as intended and is not achieving its outcomes. It is recommended that the identified key risks provide the basis for a comprehensive system evaluation to inform a more effective WULA system design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
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11 pages, 499 KiB  
Article
Symbols and Function of the Zhang Clan Han Army Sacrificial Rite
by Shuyun Guo
Religions 2019, 10(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10020090 - 1 Feb 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4476
Abstract
The Eight Banners System is the social organizational structure of the bannerman (qiren, 旗人) from the Qing dynasty and the fundamental system of the country under Qing rule. It is divided into three types: the Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners, [...] Read more.
The Eight Banners System is the social organizational structure of the bannerman (qiren, 旗人) from the Qing dynasty and the fundamental system of the country under Qing rule. It is divided into three types: the Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners, and Han Army Eight Banners. The Han Army was a special group in the Qing dynasty between the bannerman and the commoners (minren, 民人). The sacrificial rite of the Han Army is a form of comprehensive shamanic ritual based on the traditional ancestor worship of the Han people. However, it is influenced, to some extent, by the shamanic ritual of the Manchus involving trance-dance. It finally took shape as a unique sacrificial form different from both the Manchu shamanic rite and the traditional ancestor worship of the Han minren. As a special system of symbolic rituals, the Han qiren’s sacrificial form embodies shamanic concepts and serves two functions: (1) dispelling evil and bringing in good fortune for the community; and (2) unifying the Han bannermen’s clans and strengthening the culture, identity, and tradition of the Han people, who were living under Manchu rule during the Qing dynasty. Full article
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