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Keywords = Utrish Nature Reserve

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26 pages, 18272 KiB  
Article
Wave Buoy Measurements at Short Fetches in the Black Sea Nearshore: Mixed Sea and Energy Fluxes
by Aleksandra Rybalko, Stanislav Myslenkov and Sergei Badulin
Water 2023, 15(10), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101834 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2480
Abstract
Wave buoy measurements were carried out near the northeastern Black Sea coast at the natural reserve Utrish in 2020–2021. In total, about 11 months of data records were collected during two stages of the experiment at 600 and 1500 m offshore and depths [...] Read more.
Wave buoy measurements were carried out near the northeastern Black Sea coast at the natural reserve Utrish in 2020–2021. In total, about 11 months of data records were collected during two stages of the experiment at 600 and 1500 m offshore and depths of 18 and 42 m. The measured waves propagate almost exclusively from the seaward directions. Generally, the waves do not follow the local wind directions, thus, implying a mixed sea state. Nevertheless, dimensionless wave heights and periods appears to be quite close to the previously established empirical laws for the wind-driven seas. The results of the wave turbulence theory are applied for estimates of spectral energy fluxes and their correspondence to the energy flux from the turbulent wind pulsations. These estimates are consistent with today’s understanding of wind–wave interaction. It is shown that the main fraction of the wind energy flux is sent to the direct Kolmogorov–Zakharov cascade to high wave frequencies and then dissipates in small amounts. Less than 1% of the wind energy flux is directed to the low frequency band (the so-called inverse Kolmogorov–Zakharov cascade), thus, providing wave energy growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy)
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24 pages, 8914 KiB  
Article
Water Structure in the Utrish Nature Reserve (Black Sea) during 2020–2021 According to Thermistor Chain Data
by Ksenia Silvestrova, Stanislav Myslenkov, Oksana Puzina, Artem Mizyuk and Olga Bykhalova
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040887 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2326
Abstract
This paper reports the water temperature structure and associated coastal processes in the NE part of the Black Sea. In situ temperature was measured in the water area of the Utrish Nature Reserve. The thermistor chain was moored in 2020 and included 6–10 [...] Read more.
This paper reports the water temperature structure and associated coastal processes in the NE part of the Black Sea. In situ temperature was measured in the water area of the Utrish Nature Reserve. The thermistor chain was moored in 2020 and included 6–10 temperature sensors with an accuracy of ±0.025 °C and time step of one minute. The seasonal variations in the water temperature, upwelling events, internal waves and diurnal cycle were analyzed. The maximum value of SST (28.6 °C) was registered in the subsurface layer in August 2021; the minimum (7.7 °C) was registered in March 2022. Estimates of the diurnal temperature cycle were obtained according to spectral analysis. Summer months show the diurnal cycle more than 60% of the time, and the cold period shows it less than 10% of the time. Internal waves appeared in thermocline with periods from 5 min to 20 h. The strongest Ekman upwelling was registered in September 2021. The water temperature dropped from 26 °C to 16 °C in 10 h. Additionally, quality assessments of two hydrodynamic models were made. The models showed a good correlation (0.9) with water temperature measurements, but RMSE could reach 1–1.8 °C for subsurface layers. Temperature variability and its characteristics are an important basis for future coastal ecosystem studies in the Utrish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Upwelling Systems in a Changing Ocean)
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