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29 pages, 13128 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hypothesis: Neuroglia Activation Due to Increased Peripheral and CNS Proinflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines with Neuroinflammation May Result in Long COVID

by Melvin R. Hayden

Neuroglia 2021, 2(1), 7-35; https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010004 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7196

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has paralleled the great Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919 in the United States. Previous historical accounts have strongly suggested a post-viral syndrome and, currently, a post-COVID-19 viral syndrome is unquestionable, which shares many of the characteristics of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome that is present globally. The original term for this post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) was termed long haulers by those who were affected with this syndrome and it is now termed long COVID (LC) or PASC. International researchers and clinicians are desperately trying to better understand the pathobiological mechanisms possibly involved in this syndrome. This review aims to summarize many of the cumulated findings associated with LC/PASC and provides supportive and representative illustrations and transmission electron micrographic remodeling changes within brain tissues associated with a stress type of injury as occurs in the classic db/db and novel BTBR ob/ob obesity and diabetes mellitus mice models. These models are utilized to merely provide a response to metabolic stress injury wound healing mechanisms that are also present in humans. This review posits that neuroglial activation and chronic neuroinflammation may be a common denominator for the development of the complex LC/PASC syndrome following acute COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2. Full article

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16 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality, Nutritional, Volatile and Sensory Profiles and Consumer Acceptance of Fondillón, a Sustainable European Protected Wine

by Hanán Issa-Issa, Francisca Hernández, Leontina Lipan, David López-Lluch and Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina

Agronomy 2021, 11(9), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091701 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3002

Abstract

Sustainable irrigation strategies in Southeast Spain (one of the most arid regions in Europe) are essential to fight against desertification and climate change mitigation. In this way, Fondillón production is based on rain-based vineyards, over-ripe Monastrell grapes, and non-alcohol fortification. Thus, Fondillón is a naturally sweet red wine, protected within the Alicante Denomination of Origin, recognized by the European Union in its E-bachus database. The study aim was to evaluate the effect of the aging (solera factor) on Fondillón: (i) basic enological parameters (e.g., total, and volatile acidity), (ii) chromatic characteristics, (iii) antioxidant activity (ABTS^•+, FRAP and DPPH^•), (iv) total contents of condensed tannins and anthocyanins, (v) volatile composition, (vi) sensory profile, and (vii) overall liking. Experimental data proved that the wine (1960 solera) with the highest total contents of condensed tannins and anthocyanins and total antioxidant activity was the most liked by Spanish consumers. Experimental results clearly established a positive relationship among Fondillón chemical composition, its antioxidant activity, and overall consumer liking. Exceptional harvest with grapes having extremely high antioxidant power (e.g., 1960 solera) will result, even more than 50 years later, in high quality wines with high consumer acceptance and a high monetary worth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Connecting the Extremes -from Farm to Fork- to Achieve a Sustainable Food Production and a Circular Economy)

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18 pages, 1287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Is the Environmental Impact of Wine Entering Global Value Chains? Studying the Evolution of CO₂ Emissions from the Export of Spanish Denomination of Origin Wines

by Juan Sebastián Castillo-Valero, Inmaculada Carrasco, Marcos Carchano and Carmen Córcoles

Foods 2021, 10(7), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071664 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4419

Abstract

The continuous growth of the international wine trade and the expansion of international markets is having significant commercial, but also environmental, impacts. The benefits of vineyards in terms of ecosystem service provision are offset by the increase in CO₂ emissions generated by transportation. Denominations of Origin, as quality labels, emphasise a wine’s links to the terroir, where specific elements of culture and environment merge together. However, Denominations of Origin can also have differentiating elements as regards environmental performance. Drawing on an extended multiregional input–output model applied to the Spanish Denominations of Origin with the largest presence in the international wine trade, this study shows that wines with the greatest exporting tradition are those that most reduced their carbon footprint per litre of exported wine in the period 2005–2018, thus being the most environmentally efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Consumption and Sustainable Agri-Food Chains)

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11 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Southern Spanish Generous Wines under the Denomination of Origin “Jerez-Xérès-Sherry and ‘Manzanilla’ Sanlúcar de Barrameda”

by Mª Teresa Murillo-Arbizu, Susana Amézqueta, Elena González-Peñas and Adela López De Cerain

Toxins 2010, 2(5), 1054-1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2051054 - 12 May 2010

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 10329

Abstract

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) has toxic effects in animals; the most relevant of them is nephrotoxicity. OTA has also been classified as a possible carcinogen for humans (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Therefore, exposure to OTA through contaminated food can represent health impairment to humans. The maximum permitted level for this mycotoxin in wine is 2.0 mg/L. The presence of OTA in Spanish wines produced using the traditional methods under the Denomination of Origin “Jerez-Xérès-Sherry and manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda” was evaluated by a High performance Liquid Chromatography method with fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity column purification. A recovery of 95.4% and a limit of detection and quantification of 0.009 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively, were achieved. In manzanilla, fino, amontillado and oloroso wine, the mean OTA values were 0.042, 0.044, 0.144, and 0.319 mg/L, respectively. These levels are not different from other data given in the reference literature on white wines, although fino and manzanilla wines have very low OTA levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ochratoxins)

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