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Keywords = PTPσ

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15 pages, 2178 KiB  
Review
Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Celiac Disease and Diabetes: Focus on the Intestinal Mucosa
by Claudia Bellomo, Francesca Furone, Roberta Rotondo, Ilaria Ciscognetti, Martina Carpinelli, Martina Nicoletti, Genoveffa D’Aniello, Leandra Sepe, Maria Vittoria Barone and Merlin Nanayakkara
Cells 2024, 13(23), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13231981 - 29 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a family of enzymes essential for numerous cellular processes, such as cell growth, inflammation, differentiation, immune-mediated responses and oncogenic transformation. The aim of this review is to review the literature concerning the role of several PTPs—PTPN22, PTPN2, PTPN6, [...] Read more.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a family of enzymes essential for numerous cellular processes, such as cell growth, inflammation, differentiation, immune-mediated responses and oncogenic transformation. The aim of this review is to review the literature concerning the role of several PTPs—PTPN22, PTPN2, PTPN6, PTPN11, PTPσ, DUSP2, DUSP6 and PTPRK—at the level of the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease (CeD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both in vitro and in vivo models. The results revealed shared features, at the level of the intestinal mucosa, between these diseases characterized by alterations of different biological processes, such as proliferation, autoimmunity, cell death, autophagy and inflammation. PTPs are now actively studied to develop new drugs. Also considering the availability of organoids as models to test new drugs in personalized ways, it is very likely that soon these proteins will be the targets of useful drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Inflammation: The Cause of all Diseases 2.0)
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14 pages, 2106 KiB  
Review
Type IIa RPTPs and Glycans: Roles in Axon Regeneration and Synaptogenesis
by Kazuma Sakamoto, Tomoya Ozaki, Yuji Suzuki and Kenji Kadomatsu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115524 - 24 May 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3612
Abstract
Type IIa receptor tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) play pivotal roles in neuronal network formation. It is emerging that the interactions of RPTPs with glycans, i.e., chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS), are critical for their functions. We highlight here the significance of these [...] Read more.
Type IIa receptor tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) play pivotal roles in neuronal network formation. It is emerging that the interactions of RPTPs with glycans, i.e., chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS), are critical for their functions. We highlight here the significance of these interactions in axon regeneration and synaptogenesis. For example, PTPσ, a member of type IIa RPTPs, on axon terminals is monomerized and activated by the extracellular CS deposited in neural injuries, dephosphorylates cortactin, disrupts autophagy flux, and consequently inhibits axon regeneration. In contrast, HS induces PTPσ oligomerization, suppresses PTPσ phosphatase activity, and promotes axon regeneration. PTPσ also serves as an organizer of excitatory synapses. PTPσ and neurexin bind one another on presynapses and further bind to postsynaptic leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein 4 (LRRTM4). Neurexin is now known as a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), and its HS is essential for the binding between these three molecules. Another HSPG, glypican 4, binds to presynaptic PTPσ and postsynaptic LRRTM4 in an HS-dependent manner. Type IIa RPTPs are also involved in the formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses by heterophilic binding to a variety of postsynaptic partners. We also discuss the important issue of possible mechanisms coordinating axon extension and synapse formation. Full article
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