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Search Results (3)

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Keywords = M-CRIB-S

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13 pages, 4141 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Effect of Sealing Time on Combustion State of the Fuel-Ventilation Controlled Wood Crib
by Zuohui Xu, Haiyan Wang, Jiaying Hu, Lei Chen, Sentao Lu and Simin Tang
Fire 2024, 7(10), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7100360 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1105
Abstract
A tunnel fire may gradually change from a fuel-controlled fire to a ventilation-controlled fire during the sealing process, so it is of great significance to study the influence of sealing time on the combustion state for safety control. In this study, an unsealed [...] Read more.
A tunnel fire may gradually change from a fuel-controlled fire to a ventilation-controlled fire during the sealing process, so it is of great significance to study the influence of sealing time on the combustion state for safety control. In this study, an unsealed wood-crib fire test was first carried out using a reduced-scale tunnel model. When the wind velocity is 0.10 m/s, the wood crib is fuel-controlled. Based on this, the combustion state of a wood-crib fire was studied experimentally when the sealing time was 1 min, 3 min, 7 min, and 10 min. The results showed that after sealing, the flame orientation is approximately vertical, and as the sealing time increases, the carbonization of the wood crib becomes more pronounced. The ratio of XCO/XCO2 exceeds 0.057 1 min after sealing, and the wood-crib fire becomes ventilation-controlled. When the sealing time is 7 min and 10 min, the increase rate of XCO/XCO2 is faster than when the sealing time is 1 min and 3 min. The earlier the initial sealing time, the better the fire can be suppressed. During the sealing process, the temperature on the downwind side of the fire source decreases exponentially. This study aims to provide a reference for the application of sealing technology in tunnel fires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation of Combustion Dynamics and Flame Properties of Fuel)
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11 pages, 3559 KiB  
Article
Effect of Sleeper-Ballast Particle Contact on Lateral Resistance of Concrete Sleepers in Ballasted Railway Tracks
by Jafar Chalabii, Majid Movahedi Rad, Ebrahim Hadizadeh Raisi and Reza Esfandiari Mehni
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7508; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217508 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2868
Abstract
Although a sleeper makes a great contribution to the lateral resistance of ballasted tracks, in this regard, limited studies have been carried out on the effect of its contact surface with ballast aggregates. The current paper is dedicated to evaluating the effect of [...] Read more.
Although a sleeper makes a great contribution to the lateral resistance of ballasted tracks, in this regard, limited studies have been carried out on the effect of its contact surface with ballast aggregates. The current paper is dedicated to evaluating the effect of sleeper shape on the lateral resistance of ballasted track through discrete element modelling (DEM). For this purpose, firstly, a DEM model was validated based on the experimental results. Then, a sensitivity analysis was undertaken on the effect of the different contact areas that a standard concrete sleeper faces with the crib, shoulder and underlying ballast aggregates on lateral resistance of a single sleeper. As the main result of the current study, a high accurate regression equation for constant weight 319.2 kg and constant density 2500 kg/m3 of the sleepers was fitted between different sleeper contact areas and the maximum lateral resistance of a concrete sleeper for 3.5 mm lateral displacement in ballasted railway tracks. The obtained results showed that the effect of the sleeper’s head area compared to the underlying area of the sleeper and the head area of the sleeper compared to the sleeper’s side area in terms of lateral resistance are 8.2 times and 14.5 times more, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulations of Construction Materials)
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13 pages, 2392 KiB  
Article
Altered Cerebral Curvature in Preterm Infants Is Associated with the Common Genetic Variation Related to Autism Spectrum Disorder and Lipid Metabolism
by Hyuna Kim, Ja-Hye Ahn, Joo Young Lee, Yong Hun Jang, Young-Eun Kim, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Bung-Nyun Kim and Hyun Ju Lee
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(11), 3135; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113135 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2473
Abstract
Preterm births are often associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. In the critical developmental period of the fetal brain, preterm birth disrupts cortical maturation. Notably, preterm birth leads to alterations in the fronto-striatal and temporal lobes and the limbic region. Recent advances in MRI acquisition [...] Read more.
Preterm births are often associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. In the critical developmental period of the fetal brain, preterm birth disrupts cortical maturation. Notably, preterm birth leads to alterations in the fronto-striatal and temporal lobes and the limbic region. Recent advances in MRI acquisition and analysis methods have revealed an integrated approach to the genetic influence on brain structure. Based on imaging studies, we hypothesized that the altered cortical structure observed after preterm birth is associated with common genetic variations. We found that the presence of the minor allele at rs1042778 in OXTR was associated with reduced curvature in the right medial orbitofrontal gyrus (p < 0.001). The presence of the minor allele at rs174576 in FADS2 (p < 0.001) or rs740603 in COMT (p < 0.001) was related to reduced curvature in the left posterior cingulate gyrus. This study provides biological insight into altered cortical curvature at term-equivalent age, suggesting that the common genetic variations related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and lipid metabolism may mediate vulnerability to early cortical dysmaturation in preterm infants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Neurology)
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