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In the rapidly evolving domain of finance, quantitative stock selection strategies have gained prominence, driven by the pursuit of maximizing returns while mitigating risks through sophisticated data analysis and algorithmic models. Yet, prevailing models frequently neglect the fluid dynamics of asset relationships and market shifts, a gap that undermines their predictive and risk management efficacy. This oversight renders them vulnerable to market volatility, adversely affecting investment decision quality and return consistency. Addressing this critical gap, our study proposes the Graph Learning Spatial–Temporal Encoder Network (GL-STN), a pioneering model that seamlessly integrates graph theory and spatial–temporal encoding to navigate the intricacies and variabilities of financial markets. By harnessing the inherent structural knowledge of stock markets, the GL-STN model adeptly captures the nonlinear interactions and temporal shifts among assets. Our innovative approach amalgamates graph convolutional layers, attention mechanisms, and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, offering a comprehensive analysis of spatial–temporal data features. This integration not only deciphers complex stock market interdependencies but also accentuates crucial market insights, enabling the model to forecast market trends with heightened precision. Rigorous evaluations across diverse market boards—Main Board, SME Board, STAR Market, and ChiNext—underscore the GL-STN model’s exceptional ability to withstand market turbulence and enhance profitability, affirming its substantial utility in quantitative stock selection. Full article